Madagaska

Repoblikan'i Madagasikara
Republique de Madagascar
Jamhuri ya Madagaska

(Bendera ya Madagaska) (Nembo ya Madagaska)
Wimbo wa Taifa: Tanindrazana, Fahafahana, Fandrosoana (kwa Kimalagasi: Nchi ya wenyeji, Uhuru, Maendeleo) |
Lugha rasmi	Kimalagasi Kifaransa
Mji Mkuu	Antananarivo
Rais Waziri Mkuu	Andry Rajoelina Christian Ntsay
Eneo  - Jumla  - 0.9% Maji	Ya 46 duniani km² 587,041
Umma  - Kadirio (Ya 52 duniani)  - Jumla (26,262,313 )  - Umma kugawa na Eneo 35.2	Ya 174 duniani ; (Ya 142 duniani)
GDP Chumo cha uchumi  - Jumla  - kwa kipimo cha umma	126 kadir $15.82 billion (223) $900 (214)
Uhuru	26 Juni 1960
Fedha	Ariari
Saa za Eneo	UTC +3
Wimbo wa Taifa	Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô (Eh, nchi yetu asili) |
Intaneti TLD	.mg
kodi za simu	261
1Lugha ya Malagasi, kulingana na katiba ndiyo lugha ya Taifa. Lugha ya Kifaransa, haijatiwa umaakini kama Lugha rasmi.

Ramani ya Madagaska.

Jamhuri ya Madagaska (au Madagasikari) inaenea katika kisiwa cha Madagaska (pia: Bukini) kilichopo katika Bahari Hindi mashariki kwa pwani ya Afrika.

Jina

Jina Madagaska lina maana ya "Kisiwa kikubwa" na linatokana na lugha ya wenyeji, Wamalagasi ambao waongea Kimalagasi.

Jiografia

Kisiwa chenyewe ni cha nne kwa ukubwa duniani.

Upekee wa kisiwa unatokana na kwamba kilimeguka kutoka India miaka milioni 88 hivi iliyopita, halafu kilibaki bila watu hadi karne ya 5 hivi BK.

Ekolojia

Kisiwa hicho ni pia mazingira makubwa ya aina ya violezo ambayo ni asilimia 5 ya violezo vyote vya mimea na wanyama vya dunia nzima.

Asilimia 90 ya viumbehai asili ni maalumu wa Madagaska, kama vile wanyama aina ya kima awali wanaoitwa lemuri, ndege ambao waambukiza ugonjwa na mti wa mbuyu.

Historia

Mfalme Andrianampoinimerina (1787-1810).

Bendera ya Ufalme wa Merina.

Nembo ya Ufalme wa Merina.

Madagaska ni kati ya maeneo ya mwisho kufikiwa na kukaliwa na binadamu.

Wa kwanza kufika walitokea visiwa vya Indonesia (kama mwaka 350-550 BK).

Baadaye tu walihamia watu kutoka bara la Afrika (mwaka 1000 hivi) na wengineo (Waarabu, Wahindi, Wazungu, Wachina n.k.).

Kuanzia mwaka 1787 hadi mwaka 1897 kisiwa kilizidi kuunganishwa kisiasa chini ya Ufalme wa Merina.

Watawala walikuwa watu kutoka familia ya Andrianampoinimerina, mwanzilishi wa taifa hilo, ambaye alikuwa ametokea katika kabila la Wamerina

Kabila hilo lilikuwa kubwa na muhimu kuliko yote 18 ya kisiwa hicho. Makazi yake yalikuwa katika uwanda wa juu wa kati lakini lilienea sehemu kubwa ya Bukini.

Wamerina walikuwa na makao makuu ya utawala wao Antananarivo; baada ya kugawiwa kwa ufalme wao mnamo 1710 kitovu cha malaka kati ya Wamerina ikahamia kwenye mlima wa Ambohimanga lakini tangu kuunganishwa kwa Wamerina mnamo 1794 mji mkuu ukulikuwa tena Atananarivo. Kutoka hapo waliweza kueneza mamlaka yao katika sehemu nyingine za kisiwa hicho.

Makabila yote ya wenyeji yalizungumza lugha moja na yalikuwa na mila na desturi zinazofanana, hivyo yaliweza kujenga umoja wa kiutamaduni uliowafanya wawe jamii moja kimsingi.

Watawala hao wa kifalme waliweza kutekeleza mambo mbalimbali kuendeleza Bukini katika vipindi vyao kabla ya kuja kwa wageni kutoka Uingereza na Ufaransa ambao kwa kiasi fulani ulidhoofisha mamlaka ya kifalme.

Kisiwa hicho hatimaye kiligeuzwa kuwa koloni la Ufaransa. Hii ni kwa kuwa, ingawa sera ya kuisasisha ya Bukini kwa namna fulani iliimarisha uwezo wa nchi hiyo wa kutetea uhuru wake, lakini kwa ujumla sera hiyo ilidhoofisha ufalme huo kwa kuongeza utegemezi wake kwa mataifa ya kigeni.

Watu

Mtoto wa Kimalagasi anayeonyesha kuwa na mchanganyiko wa damu.

Mwaka 2018 idadi ya wakazi ilikadiriwa kuwa milioni 26.3. Wenyeji wengi wana mchanganyiko wa damu: DNA inaonyesha kuwa wakazi wa kwanza kutoka Indonesia wameichangia asilimia 50 hivi na Waafrika vilevile. Wanaoishi sehemu za ndani ni wa Kiindonesia zaidi, wakati wale wa pwani ni wa Kiafrika zaidi.

Lugha

Lugha ya taifa ni Kimalagasi. Lugha rasmi za Madagaska ni Kimalagasi na Kifaransa (angalia pia orodha ya lugha za Madagaska).

Dini

Mwaka 1993 nchini Madagaska kulikuwa na dini za jadi (52% hivi), Ukristo (41%, Waprotestanti wakiwazidi kidogo Wakatoliki), Uislamu (7% hivi) n.k. Tangu hapo wafuasi wengi wa dini za jadi wameongokea Ukristo, hasa wa Kiprotestanti.

Utamaduni

Pamoja na kutokea mazingira tofauti sana, Wamalagasi wamechanganyikana sana na kuwa na utamaduni na lugha aina moja, ya Kiindonesia zaidi.

Tazama pia

• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
• Demografia ya Afrika

Marejeo

• Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997). Architectures de Madagascar (kwa Kifaransa). Berlin: Berger-Levrault. ISBN 978-2-7003-1169-3.
• Ade Ajayi, Jacob Festus (1989). General history of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-0-520-03917-9.
• Adelaar, Alexander (2006). "Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago". In Simanjuntak, Truman; Pojoh, Ingrid Harriet Eileen; Hisyam, Muhamad. Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta, Indonesia: LIPI Press.

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• Ames, Glenn Joseph (2003). Distant lands and diverse cultures: the French experience in Asia, 1600–1700. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30864-2.
• Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (2008). Petit Futé: Madagascar 2008 (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Petit Futé. ISBN 978-2-7469-1982-2.
• Barendse, R.J. (2002). The Arabian seas: the Indian Ocean world of the seventeenth century. Berlin: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0729-4.
• Bradt, Hilary (2011). Madagascar, 10th Ed.: The Bradt Travel Guide. London: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-341-2.
• Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution. Jerusalem: Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. ISBN 3-540-63293-X.
• Campbell, Gwyn (2005). An economic history of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: the rise and fall of an island empire. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83935-1.
• Chapus, G.S.; Mondain, G. (1953). Un homme d'etat malgache: Rainilaiarivony (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Editions Diloutremer.
• Cousins, William Edward (1895). Madagascar of to-day: A sketch of the island, with chapters on its past history and present prospects. London: The Religious Tract Society.
• Curtin, Philip D. (1998). Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59835-4.
• Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia". In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.

      .

• Deschamps, Hubert Jules (1965). Histoire de Madagascar (kwa Kifaransa). Ann Arbor, MI: Berger-Levrault.
• Ellis, William (1859). Three visits to Madagascar during ... 1853-1854-1856. London: Oxford University.
• Emoff, Ron (2004). "Spitting into the wind: Multi-edged environmentalism in Malagasy song". Katika Dawe, Kevin (mhr.). Island Musics. New York: Berg. ISBN 978-1-85973-703-3.
• Fage, J.D.; Flint, J.E.; Oliver, R.A. (1986). The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1790 to c. 1870. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20413-5.
• Fournet-Guérin, Catherine (2007). Vivre à Tananarive: géographie du changement dans la capitale malgache (kwa Kifaransa). Antananarivo, Madagascar: Karthala Editions. ISBN 978-2-84586-869-4.
• Fox, Leonard (1990). Hainteny: the traditional poetry of Madagascar. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8387-5175-6.
• Freeman, Joseph John; Johns, David (1840). A narrative of the persecution of the Christians in Madagascar: with details of the escape of six Christian refugees now in England. London: J. Snow.
• Frémigacci, Jean (1999). "Le Rova de Tananarive: Destruction d'un lieu saint ou constitution d'une référence identitaire?". Katika Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (mhr.). Histoire d'Afrique (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Editions Karthala. ISBN 978-2-86537-904-0.
• Gallieni, Joseph-Simon (1908). Neuf ans à Madagascar (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Librairie Hachette.
• Heale, Jay; Abdul Latif, Zawiah (2008). Cultures of the World: Madagascar. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-3036-0.
• Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003). Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-688-0.
• Hobbes, Joseph; Dolan, Andrew (2008). World Regional Geography. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-495-38950-7.
• Hodder, Ian (1982). Symbolic and structural archaeology. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24406-0.
• Kennedy, David (2007). The Library of Congress World War II companion. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5219-5.
• Kent, Raymond (1976). From Madagascar to the Malagasy Republic. Ann Arbor, MI: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8421-0.
• Kitchen, Helen A. (1962). The Educated African: a Country-by-Country Survey of Educational Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Praeger.
• Kull, Christian (2004). [Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246 Isle of Fire: The Political Ecology of Landscape Burning in Madagascar, Issue 246]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-46141-0. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
• Kusimba, Chapurukha; Odland, J. Claire; Bronson, Bennet (2004). Unwrapping the textile traditions of Madagascar. Textile Series. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of California. ISBN 0-930741-95-1.
• Lehoullier, Sara (2010). Madagascar: Travel Companion. New York: Other Places Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9822619-5-8.
• Middleton, Karen (1999). Ancestors, Power, and History in Madagascar. Los Angeles: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11289-6.
• Moriarty, H.A. (1891). Islands in the southern Indian Ocean, westward of longitude 80 ̊east, including Madagascar. London: J. D. Potter.
• Nalla, Mahesh (2010). Crime and Punishment Around the World: Volume 1, Africa. Los Angeles: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35133-4.
• Ogot, Bethwell (1992). Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Paris: UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-101711-7.
• Oliver, Roland; Fage, John Donnelly; Sanderson, G.N. (1985). The Cambridge History of Africa. Juz. la 6. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9.
• Oliver, Samuel Pasfield (1886). Madagascar: an historical and descriptive account of the island and its former dependencies, Volume 1. London: Macmillan.
• Pezzotta, Federico (2001). Madagascar: a mineral and gemstone paradise. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-9715371-0-1.
• Pryor, Frederic L. (1990). The political economy of poverty, equity, and growth: Malawi and Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. ISBN 978-0-19-520823-8.
• Rabearivelo, Jean-Joseph (2007) [1936 (translation by Robert Ziller)]. Translated from the Night. Pittsburgh, PA: Lascaux Editions. ISBN 978-1-60461-552-4.
• Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo (2001). Grammaire moderne de la langue malgache. Langues INALCO (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Langues et mondes – l'Asiatheque. ISBN 2-911053-79-6.
• Ralibera, Daniel (1993). Madagascar et le christianisme (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Editions Karthala. ISBN 978-92-9028-211-2.
• Randier, Jean (2006). La Royale: L'histoire illustrée de la Marine nationale française (kwa Kifaransa). Maîtres du Vent – La Falaise: Babouji. ISBN 2-35261-022-2.
• Randrianary, Victor (2001). Madagascar: les chants d'une île (kwa Kifaransa). Paris: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2-7427-3556-3.
• Ratsimbazafy, Ernest (2010). "Moraingy". Katika Green, Thomas; Svinth, Joseph (whr.). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-243-2.
• Reinsch, Paul Samuel (1905). Colonial Administration. New York: Macmillan.
• Rodd, Tony; Stackhouse, Jennifer (2008). Trees: A Visual Guide. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25650-7.
• Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
• Sharp, Leslie (2002). The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22951-8.
• Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.
• Strakes, Jason (2006). "Encyclopedia of the developing world". In Leonard, Thomas M.. Encyclopedia of the developing world. 1. New York: Taylor & Francis.

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• Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1965). The Malagasy Republic: Madagascar today. San Francisco, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0279-9.
• Uwechue, Raph (1981). Makers of modern Africa: profiles in history, Volume 1. Dearborne, MI: Africa Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-903274-14-2.
• Van Den Boogaerde, Pierre (2008). Shipwrecks of Madagascar. New York: AEG Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-60693-494-4.
• Wink, André (2004). Volume 3 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Indo-Islamic society, 14th–15th centuries. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-13561-1.

Viungo vya nje

• Country Profile from BBC News
• Madagascar entry at The World Factbook
• Madagaska katika Open Directory Project
• Madagascar Ilihifadhiwa 29 Agosti 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Wikimedia Atlas of Madagascar
• Key Development Forecasts for Madagascar from International Futures

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Afrika bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Madagaska kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.