Nenda kwa yaliyomo

Nelson Mandela

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Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Nelson Mandela

Rais wa Afrika Kusini (1994-1999)
Deputy Thabo Mbeki
F. W. de Klerk
mtangulizi F. W. de Klerk
aliyemfuata Thabo Mbeki
tarehe ya kuzaliwa 18 Julai 1918
Mvezo, Afrika Kusini
tarehe ya kufa 5 Desemba 2013
Johannesburg, Afrika Kusini
chama African National Congress
ndoa Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–1958)
Winnie Madikizela (1958–1996)
Graça Machel (1998–2013)
watoto 6 (Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani, Zindziswa)
mhitimu wa University of Fort Hare
University of London
University of South Africa
University of the Witwatersrand

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 Julai 1918 - 5 Desemba 2013) alikuwa mwanasiasa nchini Afrika Kusini, kiongozi wa mapambano dhidi ya siasa ya ubaguzi wa rangi (Apartheid), mfungwa jela kwa miaka 27 halafu rais wa kwanza aliyechaguliwa kidemokrasia katika nchi yake.

Alikuwa mwanasheria na mwanachama, baadaye kiongozi wa chama cha ANC kilichopigania haki za binadamu wote nchini Afrika Kusini.

Maisha

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Utoto na ukoo

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Mandela alizaliwa tarehe 18 Julai 1918 katika familia ya kabila la Waxhosa kwenye kijiji cha Mvezo karibu na Umtata iliyokuwa kwenye Jimbo la Rasi.[1]

Alipewa jina la Rolihlahla linalomaanisha "anayevuta tawi la mti" kwa maana ya "mwenye kuleta matata" katika lugha ya Kixhosa[2]. Baadaye alijulikana kwa jina la ukoo wake "Madiba". Jina la Nelson alilipokea kutoka kwa mwalimu wake siku alipoanza kwenda shule.

Alitoka katika familia ya kifalme. Baba wa babu yake Ngubengcuka alikuwa mfalme wa Wathembu katika maeneo ya Transkei wa jimbo la kisasa la Rasi Mashariki la Afrika Kusini.

Baba yake Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa alikuwa chifu na mshauri wa mfalme tangu mwaka 1915 hadi 1926. Mama yake Nelson, Nosekeni Fanny, alikuwa mke wa tatu. [3]

Miaka ya kwanza aliishi kijijini alipojifunza mila na desturi za Waxhosa na kutunza mifugo pamoja na wavulana wengine.

Baba aliaga dunia Nelson alipokuwa na umri wa miaka tisa. Alibatizwa katika Kanisa la Kimethodisti akawa Mkristo wa kanisa hilo hadi kifo chake.

Baada ya kifo cha baba, mama alimpeleka kwa chifu mkuu wa Wathembu aliyemlea kama mtoto wake. Pamoja na wazazi wake wapya alihudhuria ibada za kanisani kila Jumapili zilizoimarisha imani yake ya Kikristo.

Akaendelea kusoma katika shule ya Kimethodisti aliposoma Kiingereza, Kixhosa, historia na jiografia. Katika ikulu ya chifu alisikia masimulizi mengi kuhusu historia ya Waafrika kutoka wageni waliokuja kumwaona baba wa kambo.

Elimu

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Mwaka 1925 babake alimtuma kusoma shule ndogo ya Kimethodisti alipofanyikiwa vema. Baada ya kifo cha baba aliishi kwa chifu wa Watembo na hapo kwene umri wa miaka 16 alishiriki katika sherehe ya jando alipotahiriwa na kupokea jina Dalibunga.[4]

Baadaye aliendelea kusoma kwenye shule ya sekondari ya „Clarkebury Boarding Institute“ huko Engcobo iliyokuwa shule ya bweni kubwa kwa ajili ya vijana kutoka Wathembo.[5]

Picha ya Mandela, akiwa Umtata mwaka 1937.

Hapa alianza mazoezi ya michezo na kupenda kazi ya bustani aliyoendelea kwa maisha yote. [6] Baada ya miaka miwili alipokea cheti kidogo cha elimu ya sekondari.[7]

Mwaka 1937 kwenye umri wa miaka 19 aliendelea kwenye chuo cha Wamethodisti huko [[Fort Beaufort[8]. Hapo alikuwa mara ya kwanza rafiki na kijana nje ya kabila lake aliyekuwa Msotho akaathiriwa na mwalimu mpendwa Mxhosa aliyevunja mwiko kwa kumwoa mke kutoka kwa Wasotho [9] Mandela alitumia muda mwingi huko Healdtown kwa kufuata michezo ya kukimbia na bondia.[10]

Tangu 1939 alianza masomo kwa shahada ya kwanza kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Fort Hare, chuo kwa ajili ya wanafunzi Waafrika katika jimbo la Rasi Mashariki. Masomo yake yalikuwa Kiingereza, anthropolojia, siasa na sheria. Wakati ule alitaka kuendelea kuwa mfasiri au afisa katika Idara ya Shughuli za Wazalendo (kitengo cha serikali ya Kizungu kwa maeneo ya Waafrika katika Afrika Kusini). [11] Katika bweni lake alikuwa rafiki wa Kaiser Matanzima na Oliver Tambo aliyeendelea kuwa rafiki yake kwa miaka mingi ijayo.[12] Pamoja na kupenda michezo Mandela alijifunza dansi ya Kizungu [13], alishiriki tamthiliya kuhusu about Abraham Lincoln,[14] akatoa darasa la Biblia katika kanisa.[15]

Harakati dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi

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Mandela alihukumiwa kifungo cha maisha kwa miaka 27 kutokana na harakati zake za kuupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Alifungwa katika kisiwa cha Robben.

Baada ya kuachiliwa huru mwaka 1990 alianzisha sera ya maridhiano au sera ya amani baina yake na watu weupe nchini Afrika Kusini, jambo ambalo watu wengi hawakulitegemea.

Mwaka wa 1993, pamoja na Frederik Willem de Klerk alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani ambayo ni tuzo ya nadra kutolewa duniani.

Baada ya kutengana na mke wake, Winnie Madikizela, alimuoa Graca Machel aliyewahi kuwa mke wa rais wa Msumbiji, Samora Machel.

Marejeo

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  1. ↑ Mandela 1994, p. 3; Boehmer 2008, p. 21; Smith 2010, p. 17; Sampson 2011, p. 3.
  2. ↑ Biography ya Mandela Archived 10 Julai 2014 at the Wayback Machine., tovuti ya africanhistory, iliangaliwa 16 Novemba 2016
  3. ↑ Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962. Little, Brown and Company, New York City 1994, ISBN 978-0-7540-8723-6, uk 15
  4. ↑ Benson 1986, p. 17; Mandela 1994, pp. 36–42; Lodge 2006, p. 8; Smith 2010, pp. 29–31; Meredith 2010, pp. 9–11; Sampson 2011, p. 14.
  5. ↑ Mandela 1994, pp. 45–47; Smith 2010, pp. 27, 31; Meredith 2010, pp. 12–13; Sampson 2011, p. 15.
  6. ↑ Mandela 1994.
  7. ↑ Sampson 2011.
  8. ↑ Mandela 1994, p. 52; Smith 2010, pp. 31–32; Meredith 2010, p. 14; Sampson 2011, pp. 17–18.
  9. ↑ Mandela 1994, pp. 53–54; Smith 2010, p. 32; Meredith 2010, pp. 14–15; Sampson 2011, pp. 18–21.
  10. ↑ Mandela 1994, p. 56; Smith 2010, p. 32; Meredith 2010, p. 15.
  11. ↑ Mandela 1994, pp. 62–65; Lodge 2006, p. 9; Smith 2010, pp. 33–34; Meredith 2010, pp. 15–18; Sampson 2011, pp. 21, 25.
  12. ↑ Mandela 1994, pp. 62–63; Smith 2010, pp. 33–34; Meredith 2010, pp. 17–19; Sampson 2011, pp. 24–25.
  13. ↑ Mandela 1994, pp. 67–69; Smith 2010, p. 34; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Sampson 2011, p. 25.
  14. ↑ Mandela 1994, p. 68; Lodge 2006, p. 10; Smith 2010, p. 35; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Sampson 2011, p. 25.
  15. ↑ Mandela 1994, p. 68; Lodge 2006, p. 10; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Forster 2014, p. 93.

Kujisomea

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Barber, James (2004). Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1566-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Barnard, Rita (2014). "Introduction". Katika Rita Barnard (ed.) (mhr.). The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ku. 1–26. ISBN 978-1-107-01311-7. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Benneyworth, Garth (2011). "Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol". South African Historical Journal. 63 (1): 78–101. doi:10.1080/02582473.2011.549375. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Benson, Mary (1986). Nelson Mandela. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-008941-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Battersby, John (2011). "Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue". Katika Anthony Sampson (mhr.). Mandela: The Authorised Biography. London: HarperCollins. ku. 587–610. ISBN 978-0-00-743797-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Boehmer, Elleke (2005). "Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela". Parallax. 11 (4): 46–55. doi:10.1080/13534640500331666. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 ———  (2008). Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280301-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Bromley, Roger (2014). "'Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film". Altre Modernità (12): 40–58. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Broun, Kenneth S. (2012). Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974022-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Ellis, Stephen (2011). "The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961". Journal of Southern African Studies. 37 (4): 657–676. doi:10.1080/03057070.2011.592659. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 ———  (2016). "Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe". Cold War History. 16 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Forster, Dion (2014). "Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact". Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae. 40: 87–115. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Freund, Bill (2014). "The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918–2013". African Political Economy. 41 (140): 292–296. doi:10.1080/03056244.2014.883111. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Glad, Betty; Blanton, Robert (1997). "F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 27 (3): 565–590. JSTOR 27551769. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Guiloineau, Jean; Rowe, Joseph (2002). Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. ku. 9–26. ISBN 1-55643-417-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Herbst, Jeffrey (2003). "The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality". Katika Theodore K. Rabb; Ezra N. Suleiman (eds.) (whr.). The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics. London: Routledge. ku. 206–224. ISBN 978-0-415-93381-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor2= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Houston, Gregory; Muthien, Yvonne (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". Katika Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.) (whr.). Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. ku. 37–68. ISBN 978-0-7969-1970-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor3= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Hutton, Barbara (1994). Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance. Bellville: Pearson South Africa. ISBN 0-86877-417-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Kalumba, Kibujjo M. (1995). "The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer". Journal of Social Philosophy. 26 (3): 161–171. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lodge, Tom (2006). Mandela: A Critical Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921935-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lukhele, Francis (2012). "Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero'". Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines. 46 (2): 289–301. doi:10.1080/00083968.2012.702088. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mafela, Munzhedzi James (2008). "The Revelation of African Culture in Long Walk to Freedom". Katika Anna Haebich; Frances Peters-Little; Peter Read (eds.) (whr.). Indigenous Biography and Autobiography. Sydney: Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University. ku. 99–107. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor3= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mandela, Nelson (1994). Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-7540-8723-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 ———  (2004) [1994]. Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 (tol. la large print). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7540-8724-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mangcu, Xolela (2013). "Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought". Transition. 112: 101–116. doi:10.2979/transition.112.101. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Meer, Fatima (1988). Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela. London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-12787-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Meredith, Martin (2010). Mandela: A Biography. New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-832-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Muthien, Yvonne; Khosa, Meshack; Magubane, Bernard (2000). "Democracy and Governance in Transition". Katika Yvonne Muthien; Meshack Khosa; Bernard Magubane (eds.) (whr.). Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press. ku. 361–374. ISBN 978-0-7969-1970-0. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |editor3= has generic name (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2014). "From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa". Third World Quarterly. 35 (6): 905–921. doi:10.1080/01436597.2014.907703. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Oppenheim, Claire E. (2012). "Nelson Mandela and the Power of Ubuntu". Religions. 3 (2): 369–388. doi:10.3390/rel3020369. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Soudien, Crain (2015). "Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa". Journal of Southern African Studies. 41 (2): 353–366. doi:10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Suttner, Raymond (2007). "(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela". African Historical Review. 39 (2): 107–130. doi:10.1080/17532520701786202. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 ———  (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Masculinities". African Identities. 12 (3–4): 342–356. doi:10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
 ———  (2016). "'I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 51 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1177/0021909614541973. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Nelson, Steven (2014). "Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies". Transition. 116: 130–142. doi:10.2979/transition.116.130. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Read, James H. (2010). "Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom". Journal of Power. 3 (3): 317–339. doi:10.1080/17540291.2010.524792. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Sampson, Anthony (2011) [1999]. Mandela: The Authorised Biography. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-743797-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Smith, David James (2010). Young Mandela. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85524-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Tomaselli, Keyan; Tomaselli, Ruth (2003). "The Media and Mandela". Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies. 4 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1080/17533170300404204. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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