Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki
Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki inahusu Kanisa hilo lililo la zamani (Waorthodoksi na Waorthodoksi wa Mashariki wanashiriki sifa hiyo) na kubwa kuliko madhehebu yote ya Ukristo, hivyo historia yake inashika sehemu muhimu ya historia ya Kanisa lote duniani tangu lilipoanza mwaka 30 hivi BK hadi leo.
Baada ya Yesu Kristo kuhubiri na kukusanya wafuasi kati ya Wayahudi wa karne ya 1, hao walitumwa naye duniani kote, hasa wanaume 12 aliowaita Mitume, yaani "waliotumwa".
Waandamizi wao katika uongozi wa Kanisa walianza kuitwa maaskofu, na kati yao yule wa Roma alizidi kushika nafasi ya pekee kwa sababu Mtume Petro alifia dini katika mji huo kutokana na dhuluma dhidi ya Ukristo ambayo ilianzishwa na Kaisari Nero (mwaka 64) na kuendelea kwa kwikwi hadi ilipokomeshwa na Kaisari Konstantino Mkuu aliyetangaza huko Milano uhuru wa dini kwa wananchi wote (313).
Dhuluma haikufaulu kuzuia uenezi wa dini hiyo mpya katika dola la Roma.
Mwishoni mwa karne ya 2, maaskofu walianza kukusanyika katika sinodi ili kuamua kuhusu masuala ya imani n.k. Mwaka 325 Konstantino aliitisha huko Nisea mtaguso mkuu wa kwanza wa maaskofu wote ili kurudisha umoja wa Kanisa uliovurugwa na uzushi wa Ario kuhusu Yesu Kristo.
Mwaka 380 Kaisari Theodosius I alifanya Ukristo wa Kikatoliki kuwa dini rasmi ya dola hilo kubwa lililoendelea kwa namna tofauti mashariki na magharibi kwa karne nyingi zilizofuata. Ushindi huo ulifanya wengi watamani vyeo ndani ya Kanisa, kwa kuwa viliendana sasa na heshima na mali: hivyo ubora ulipungua. Kabla yake Armenia ilikuwa nchi ya kwanza kupokea Ukristo kama dini ya taifa (301).
Ushindani kati ya majimbo makuu muhimu zaidi (Roma, Konstantinopoli, Aleksandria, Antiokia na Yerusalemu) ulisababisha mafarakano makuu (431, 451, 1054) yaliyoacha Kanisa Katoliki katika Ulaya magharibi karibu peke yake.
Huko, katika fujo iliyosababishwa na makabila yasiyostaarabika ya Wagermanik walioteka maeneo yote ya magharibi, lilichukua jukumu la kuokoa ustaarabu wa Ugiriki wa Kale na Roma ya Kale uliokwishaathiriwa na Ukristo kwa kiasi kikubwa.
Katika juhudi hizo, monasteri za Wabenedikto na wamisionari waliotumwa katika Ulaya nzima walitoa mchango mkubwa, pamoja na ule wa Karolo Mkuu, mfalme wa Wafaranki, kabila la Kigerumanik muhimu zaidi katika historia, ambalo lilikuwa la kwanza kuingia Kanisa Katoliki moja kwa moja bila kupitia Ukristo wa Kiario.
Karolo alitawazwa na Papa Leo III kuwa Kaisari wa magharibi (800). Ushirikiano kati ya Mapapa na Makaisari wa Dola Takatifu la Kiroma (Ujerumani wa leo na nchi za kandokando) ulikuwa na mafanikio kadhaa na matatizo mengi zaidi na zaidi.
Baada ya Uislamu kuanza katika karne ya 7 na kuteka maeneo mengi ya Kikristo, Kanisa Katoliki liliona wajibu wake kuitikia maombi ya Wakristo waliohitaji msaada dhidi ya dhuluma iliyolenga kuwafanya wasilimu. Ndiyo chanzo cha Vita vya msalaba vilivyotawala karne zilizofuata.
Wengi wanaona karne ya 13 kuwa kilele cha matunda wa Kanisa Katoliki katika kulea upya Ulaya magharibi kwa kuzaa hasa mashirika ya ombaomba ya Fransisko wa Asizi na Dominiko Guzman, mitindo mipya ya sanaa, pamoja na vyuo vikuu walipostawi walimu wa Kanisa kama Thoma wa Akwino na Bonaventura.
Utaifa, uliotokea Ulaya magharibi kuanzia ufalme wa Ufaransa katika karne ya 14, ulivuruga umoja wa Kanisa kiasi kwamba kwanza Mapapa waliishi Avignon, mbali na Roma, kwa miaka 69 (1309-1378), halafu kwa miaka 38 (1378-1409) kukawa na Farakano la Kanisa la Magharibi, waamini wengine wakimfuata Papa wa Roma na wengine Antipapa wa Avignon wakidhani ndiye Papa wa kweli.
Mambo hayo na makwazo mengine, yaliyofanya wengi wadai bila mafanikio urekebisho wa Kanisa tangu karne za nyuma, hatimaye yalichangia katika karne ya 16 ustawi wa Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti ambayo yalitenga na Papa sehemu kubwa ya Ulaya Kaskazini na kuvunjikavunjika katika madhehebu mengi. Hapo juhudi za urekebisho wa Kikatoliki ziliongezeka na kuleta hali mpya hasa baada ya Mtaguso wa Trento (1545-1563).
Kabla ya hapo, uvumbuzi wa njia za baharini za kufikia Amerika (1492), bara lililokuwa halijulikani na Wakristo, na Asia mashariki, ulichochea upya umisionari. Kwa kuwa nchi zilizoshika kwa kiasi kikubwa maeneo mapya duniani kote wakati huo zilikuwa za Kikatoliki (Hispania na Ureno), Kanisa kwa kutumia hasa mashirika ya kitawa liliweza kufidia upungufu uliosababishwa na Uprotestanti.
Upinzani dhidi yake uliojitokeza katika Matengenezo hayo, ulizidi kupata nguvu katika Zama za Mwangaza na Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa (karne ya 18), halafu katika Ukomunisti ulioenea kutoka Urusi hadi thuluthi moja ya dunia (karne ya 20) na kuua Wakatoliki milioni kadhaa (mbali na Waorthodoksi wengi zaidi).
Mbele ya changamoto hizo, Mtaguso wa pili wa Vatikano (1962-1965) ulielekeza njia mpya za kuendeleza Ukristo katika ulimwengu wa kisasa.
Kwa mtazamo wa imani, historia hiyo yote inaonyesha upande mmoja udhaifu na ukosefu wa Wakatoliki hata katika ngazi za juu, lakini pia uwezo wa neema ya Mungu wa kuleta watakatifu wapya katika mazingira yoyote.
Tazama pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Aguilar, Mario (2007). The History and Politics of Latin American Theology, Volume 1. London: SCM Press. ISBN 978-0334040231.
- Armstrong, Alastair (2002). The European Reformation. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0435327100.
- Black, Christopher (2001). Early Modern Italy. Routledge. ISBN 0415214343.
- Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. Doubleday. ISBN 0385505841.
- Casey, James (1999). Early Modern Spain: A Social History (Social History of Modern Europe). Routledge. ISBN 0415206871.
- Chadwick, Henry (1990), "The Early Christian Community", in McManners, John, The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford University Press, pp. 20–61, ISBN 0198229283
- Chadwick, Owen (1995). A History of Christianity. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0760773327.
- Chadwick, Owen (1964, 1990). The Reformation. Penguin. ISBN 0140137572.
{{cite book}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help) - Collins, Michael (1999). The Story of Christianity. Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0467-0.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Edward, John Emerich (1908). The Cambridge Modern History. Macmillan & Co. ltd., original from Harvard University. ISBN 0674025857.
- Fahlbusch, Erwin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802824153.
- Franzen, August (2000). Kleine Kirchengeschichte (kwa German). Freiburg: Herder. ISBN 9783451268960.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)(quoted as Franzen) - Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-3000-7332-1.
- Dussel, Enrique (1981). A History of the Church in Latin America. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0802821316.
- Franzen, August (1988). Papstgeschichte (kwa German). Freiburg: Herder. ISBN 345108578X.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)(quoted as Franzen, Papstgeschichte) - Haigh, Christopher (1987). The English Reformation Revised. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33631-7.
- Hitchcock, Susan Tyler (2004). Geography of Religion. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0-7922-7313-3.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Jackson, Robert H. (2000). From Savages to Subjects: Missions in the History of the American Southwest. ME Sharpe, Inc. ISBN 9780765605979.
- Jackson, T.A. (1991). Ireland Her Own. Lawrence & Wishart. ISBN 0853157359.
- Johansen, Bruce (2006). The Native Peoples of North America. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813538998.
- Kamen, Henry (1997). The Spanish Inquisition. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81719-1.
- King, Kenneth (1975). Mission to Paradise: The Story of Junipero Serra and the Missions of California. Society of California Pioneers.
- Koschorke, Klaus (2007). A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-2889-7.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Langan, Thomas (1998). The Catholic Tradition. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 9780826260963.
- Le Goff, Jacques (2000). Medieval Civilization. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-7607-1652-6.
- Leith, John (1963). Creeds of the Churches. Aldine Publishing Co. ISBN 0664240577.
- MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Viking. ISBN 9780670021260. originally published 2009 by Allen Lane, as A History of Christianity
- MacMullen, Ramsay (1984), Christianizing the Roman Empire: (A.D. 100–400). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 9780585381206
- Markus, Robert (1990), "From Rome to the Barbarian Kingdom (339–700)", in McManners, John, The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, Oxford University Press, pp. 62–91, ISBN 0198229283
- McManners, John (1990). The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198229283.
- Norman, Edward (2007). The Roman Catholic Church, An Illustrated History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25251-6.
- Orlandis, Jose (1993). A Short History of the Catholic Church. Scepter Publishers. ISBN 1851821252.
- Pham, John Peter (2006). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195178343.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1997). The First Crusaders. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511003080.
- Scheina, Robert L. (2007). Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo. Brassey's. ISBN 1574884522.
- Samora, Julian; Simon, Patricia Vandel; Candelaria, Cordelia; Pulido, Alberto L (1993). A History of the Mexican-American People. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268010973.
- Schama, Simon (2003) [2000]. "Burning Convictions". A History of Britain 1: At the Edge of the World?. London: BBC Worldwide. ku. 309–11. ISBN 0 56 348714 3.
- Scruton, Roger (1996). A Dictionary of Political Thought. Macmillan. ISBN 0330280996.
- Solt, Leo Frank (1990). Church and State in Early Modern England, 1509-1640. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195059794.
- Stacy, Lee (2003). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0761474021.
- Steinfels, Peter (2003). A People Adrift: The Crisis of the Roman Catholic Church in America. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-68-483663-7.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2006). God's War: A New History of the Crusades. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674023870.
- Vidmar, John (2005). The Catholic Church Through the Ages. Paulist Press. ISBN 0809142341.
- Walsh, Mary Ann (2003). John Paul II: A Light for the World, Essays and Reflections on the Papacy of. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 1580511422.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Woods Jr, Thomas (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-89526-038-7.
- Woolner, David (2003). FDR, The Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church in America, 1933–1945. Macmillan. ISBN 978-88-209-7908-9.
Makala hii kuhusu Kanisa Katoliki bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Historia ya Kanisa Katoliki kama historia yake au maelezo zaidi? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |