Papa
Papa (neno la mkopo kutoka Kilatini lakini lenye asili ya Kigiriki, πάππας, pappas,[1] jina ambalo mtoto anamuitia baba yake)[2]ni cheo cha kiongozi mkuu wa Kanisa Katoliki duniani kote. Cheo hicho kinategemea kile cha askofu wa Roma.[3]
Asili[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Kiasili neno la Kilatini "Papa" linamaanisha "Baba", nalo likawa cheo kutokana na nia ya kumtaja askofu wa Roma kwa heshima ya pekee. Msingi wa heshima hiyo ni imani ya Wakatoliki kuwa askofu wa Roma ni mwandamizi wa Petro, mkuu wa mitume wa Yesu.
Wakatoliki huamini ya kwamba Petro alipewa na Yesu kazi ya kuongoza Kanisa lote kwa niaba yake na ya kwamba jukumu hilo linaendelea kati ya waandamizi wa Petro kwenye kiti cha askofu wa Roma ambacho kwa heshima kinaitwa Ukulu mtakatifu.
Historia[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Upapa ni kati ya vyeo vya zamani zaidi duniani na umeathiri sana historia ya binadamu kwa miaka karibu 2000.[4]Athari hiyo iliweza kuwa nzuri au mbaya, kadiri ya matendo ya mhusika.[5][6][7]
Kwa muda mrefu mamlaka ya Papa upande wa siasa, hasa juu ya mikoa ya Italia ya Kati, ilisababisha nchi nyingine na koo tajiri za Roma zijiingize katika uchaguzi ili kupitisha watu wao, hata wasiofaa. Upande mwingine, Mapapa waliathiriwa na utamaduni na mazingira ya nyakati zao, hasa tapo la Renaissance, kiasi cha kuzama katika anasa.
Baada ya Dola la Papa kutekwa na Ufalme wa Italia (1860-1870), Mapapa wameweza kushughulikia zaidi mambo ya kiroho na kujitokeza kwa ubora.[8][9]Kwa miaka ya karibuni inatosha kumfikiria Papa Yohane Paulo II na mchango wake katika kuangusha ukomunisti katika Ulaya Mashariki.
Majina ya mapapa[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Papa huchaguliwa na makardinali wa Kanisa Katoliki baada ya mtangulizi wake kufa au kung'atuka. Baada ya kuchaguliwa papa mpya anaweza akajipatia jina jipya. Tangu tarehe 13 Machi 2013 ni Papa Fransisko, ambaye awali aliitwa Jorge Mario Bergoglio, kutoka Argentina.
Majina ya mapapa wengine wa Kanisa Katoliki yanapatikana katika orodha ya mapapa.
Mkuu wa Vatikano[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Papa ni pia mkuu wa nchi huru ya Mji wa Vatikano iliyopo ndani ya mji wa Roma (ambao ni mji mkuu wa Italia).[10]
Cheo cha "Papa" penginepo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Cheo cha Papa hutumiwa pia na baadhi ya madhehebu mengine ya Kikristo kwa viongozi wao, hasa kwa mkuu wa Kanisa la Kikopti huko Misri.
Tazama pia[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- ↑ American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Education.yahoo.com. Jalada kutoka ya awali juu ya 2011-06-06. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-08-11.
- ↑ Liddell and Scott. Oxford University Press. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-02-18.
- ↑ Christ's Faithful - Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the Pope. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Libreria Editrice Vaticana (1993). Iliwekwa mnamo 14 April 2013.
- ↑ Collins, Roger. Keepers of the keys of heaven: a history of the papacy. Introduction (One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions, (...) No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom - or, indeed, world history - can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes.) Basic Books. 2009. ISBN 978-0-465-01195-7.
- ↑ Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "Autoridade da Verdade - Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico". Capítulo VIII: Os papas repartem terras - Pág.: 64-65 e Capítulo VI: O papa tem poder temporal absoluto – Pág.: 49-55. Edições Loyola. ISBN 85-15-01750-4. Embora Faus critique profundamente o poder temporal dos papas ("Mais uma vez isso salienta um dos maiores inconvenientes do status político dos sucessores de Pedro" - pág.: 64), ele também admite um papel secular positivo por parte dos papas ("Não podemos negar que intervenções papais desse gênero evitaram mais de uma guerra na Europa" - pág.: 65).
- ↑
Jarrett, Bede (1913). "Papal Arbitration". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ↑ Such as regulating the colonization of the New World. See Treaty of Tordesillas and Inter caetera.
- ↑ História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. Pág.: 89, 156-157. ISBN 978-84-413-2489-3
- ↑ último Papa - Funções, eleição, o que representa, vestimentas, conclave, primeiro papa. Suapesquisa.com. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-02-18.
- ↑ Vatican City State - State and Government. Vaticanstate.va. Jalada kutoka ya awali juu ya 2010-07-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-08-11.
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Barry, Rev. Msgr. John F. (2002). One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief. New York: William H. Sadlier. ISBN 0-8215-2207-8.
- Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). A Concise History of the Catholic Church. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50584-1.
- Chadwick, Henry (1990). "The Early Christian Community". In John McManners. The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity. Oxford University Press.
.
- Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07332-1.
- Durant, William James (1950). The Story of Civilization IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization - Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325-1300. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
- Durant, William James (1957). The Story of Civilization VI. The Reformation. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61050-3.
- Franzen, August; John Dolan (1969). A History of the Church. Herder and Herder.
- Granfield, Patrick (1987). The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 0-8245-0839-4.
- Grisar, Hartmann (1912). History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. OCLC 11025456.
- John Paul II, Pope (22 February 1996). Universi Dominici Gregis. Vatican Publishing House.
- Kelly, J. N. (1986). Oxford Dictionary of the Popes. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-19-190935-1.
- Kerr, William Shaw (1950). A Handbook on the Papacy. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott. OCLC 51018118.
- Küng, Hans (2003). The Catholic Church: A Short History. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-6762-3.
- Loomis, Louise Ropes [1916] (2006). The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 1-889758-86-8.
- Noble, Thomas; Strauss, Barry (2005). Western Civilization. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-43277-9.
- Orlandis, José (1993). A Short History of the Catholic Church. Scepter Publishers. ISBN 1-85182-125-2.
- Pastor, Ludwig von (1891–1930). The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources. London: J. Hodges. OCLC 270566224.
- Walsh, James Joseph (1908). The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time. New York: Fordham University Press. OCLC 08015255.
Marejeo mengine[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Brusher, Joseph S. (1959). Popes Through the Ages. Princeton, N.J: Van Nostrand. OCLC 742355324.
- Chamberlin, E. R. (1969). The Bad Popes. New York: Dial Press. OCLC 647415773.
- Dollison, John (1994). Pope-pourri. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-88615-8.
- Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1997). Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-01798-0.
- Norwich, John Julius (2011). The Popes: A History. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8290-8.
Viungo vya nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Pope Endurance League - Sortable list of Popes
- Data Base of more than 23,000 documents of the Popes in latin and modern languages
- The Holy See - The Holy Father—website for the past and present Holy Fathers (since Papa Leo XIII)
- Origins of Peter as Pope Archived 4 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- The Authority of the Pope: Part I Archived 3 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- The Authority of the Pope: Part II Archived 4 Septemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
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