Kwaresima
| Mwaka wa liturujia |
|---|
| Magharibi |
| Mashariki |
Kwaresima ni kipindi cha mwaka wa Kanisa kinachoandaa Pasaka kadiri ya kalenda ya liturujia ya madhehebu mengi ya Ukristo[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Kwa kawaida inaanza kwenye Jumatano ya Majivu (siku 46 kabla ya Pasaka) na kwisha kwenye sikukuu hiyo[10].
Jina
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Jina "Kwaresima" linatokana na Kiitalia "Quaresima"; asili yake ni Kilatini "Quadragesima", maana yake "ya arubaini"[11]. Jina hilo linataja desturi ya kufunga siku 40 kabla ya Pasaka; ilhali katika desturi hiyo siku za Jumapili hakuna kufunga, kipindi chote ni siku 46 kabla ya Pasaka, maana kuna Jumapili 6 ndani ya Kwaresima.
Kuna lugha nyingi zinazotumia namba 40 kama jina la kipindi hicho, hasa lugha zenye chanzo katika Kilatini au lugha za nchi ambako Wakristo walitumia Kilatini kama lugha ya ibada.
Kwa Kiingereza jina ni "lent", ambayo inataja majira ya kuchipua na kwa asili haikuwa na maana ya kidini. Lugha nyingine hutumia majina yanayorejea desturi ya kufunga chakula, k.v. Kijerumani "Fasten", Kirusi "великий пост" (vieliki post) yaani mafungo makuu, vivyo hivyo Wakristo Waarabu الصوم الكبير (as-saumu al-kabiru) yaani mafungo makuu.
Maana ya Kwaresima kadiri ya imani ya Kikristo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kwaresima yote inaeleweka tu kama maandalizi ya Pasaka, sherehe inayoadhimisha kifo na ufufuko wa Bwana. Kwa imani ya Wakristo, fumbo hilo ndilo lengo la maisha yote. Wanapaswa kuishi kwa ajili ya Yesu ambaye alikufa akafufuka kwa ajili ya watu. Wanapaswa kuishi pamoja naye na ndani yake kwa kuchukua kila siku mwilini mwao kifo chake ili kushiriki ufufuko wake. Wanapaswa kufia dhambi ili kuishi maisha mapya yaliyojaa upendo. Kwa ajili hiyo wanapaswa kujikana na kupoteza maisha yao nyuma yake ili kuyaokoa kweli. Hayo yote yanafanyika kwa njia ya imani, sakramenti na matendo mema kabla hayajatimia kwa kifo chao (hasa kifodini) halafu kwa ufufuko wao.
Kwenye sherehe ya Pasaka wanatakiwa kutimiza hayo yote vizuri iwezekanavyo: ndiyo maana wakatekumeni watakaobatizwa usiku wa ufufuko, na Wakristo wote watakaokula pamoja nao Mwanakondoo wa Mungu aliyechinjwa, wanajiandaa kwa bidii za pekee katika kulisha imani yao kwa Neno la Mungu, katika kushiriki ibada na katika kutekeleza toba. Hivyo kwa pamoja, ingawa kwa namna tofauti, waliobatizwa na wakatekumeni wanapanda Yerusalemu pamoja na Yesu kwa ajili ya Pasaka.
Maana ya Kwaresima katika maisha ya binadamu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Ni kawaida ya binadamu katika shughuli yoyote kufikia hatua ya kuona haja ya marekebisho, ya hali mpya, hasa mbele ya maonevu na utumwa. Katika historia mara nyingi walijitokeza watu waliohisi sana haja hiyo na kuelekeza njia ya ukombozi.
Kwa Wakristo safari hiyo inafanyika hasa wakati wa Kwaresima kwa kuzingatia uharibifu uliotokana na dhambi katika maisha yao binafsi na katika jamii. Wakiongozwa na Yesu Kristo wanajitahidi kurekebisha uhusiano wao na Mungu, watu na vitu ili kuanza na moja maisha adilifu.
Asili ya Kwaresima katika Biblia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Katika Agano la Kale Musa ndiye aliyeongoza Waisraeli. Sisi tunakumbuka na kufuata safari yao ya ukombozi, walipokaa jangwani miaka 40 ili kuelimishwa kinaganaga juu ya yale yatokanayo na maneno 10 ambayo Musa alipewa na Mungu alipofunga siku 40 juu ya mlima Sinai[12][13][14].
Hayo yalikamilishwa na Yesu katika Agano Jipya kama kiongozi na mkombozi wa wote. Kabla hajaanza utume wake, yeye pia alifunga siku 40 jangwani akijilisha matakwa ya Baba ili ayatekeleze na kuwatangazia watu wote[15][16].
Juhudi za Kwaresima
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kufuatana na hayo yote Kanisa Katoliki linafunga siku 40 katika jangwa la kiroho. Wakati wa Kwaresima linawaongoza waamini katika safari ya kujirekebisha kulingana na Neno la Mungu la Agano la Kale na la Agano Jipya. Wote wanahimizwa kufunga safari hiyo kadiri ya hali yao: kwanza wale wanaojiandaa kubatizwa usiku wa Pasaka (hasa kwa kufanyiwa mazinguo matatu yanayofuatana katika Dominika III, IV na V), lakini pia waliokwishabatizwa, ambao kabla ya hapo wanatakiwa kutubu na kuungama dhambi ili warudie kwa unyofu ahadi za ubatizo.
Makundi yote mawili watakula pamoja Mwanakondoo ili kuishi upya kwa upendo, jambo litakalofanya hata wasio Wakristo wafurahie Pasaka.
Kazi za urekebisho zinahitaji juhudi za pekee. Vivyo hivyo kwa ukombozi wa kiroho Kwaresima inadai bidii nyingi pande mbalimbali: katika kufunga, kutoa sadaka, kusali[17] na kusikiliza Neno la Mungu hasa wakati wa ibada[18]. Hayo yote yanahusiana na kusaidiana.
Mkristo akijinyima chakula cha mwili anajifunza kufurahia zaidi mkate wa Neno la Mungu na wa ekaristi, tena anatambua zaidi anavyopaswa kuwahurumia wenye njaa na shida mbalimbali. Toba inahimizwa isiwe ya ndani na ya binafsi tu, bali pia ya nje na ya kijamii: itokane na upendo na kulenga upendo kwa kurekebisha kasoro upande wa Mungu (sala), wa jirani (sadaka) na wa nafsi yetu (mfungo).
Mfungo, yaani kujinyima vitu tunavyovipenda na hata tunavyovihitaji, uwe ishara ya njaa yetu ya Neno la Mungu, ya nia yetu ya kushiriki mateso ya Yesu yanayoendelea katika maskini, ya kulipa kwa dhambi zetu na kuachana nazo.
Sadaka inayotokana na kujinyima inampendeza Mungu kuliko ile isiyoumiza; msaada unaweza kutolewa pia kwa kutetea haki za binadamu dhidi ya wanyanyasaji.
Sala inastawi kwa kusikiliza sana Neno la Mungu hasa kwa pamoja (katika familia, jumuia, liturujia n.k.). Ndiyo maana wakati wa Kwaresima Kanisa linazidisha nafasi za kulitangaza na hivyo kuelimisha wote kuhusu mambo makuu ya imani na maadili yetu.
Wakati wa Kwaresima, hasa siku za Ijumaa, Wakristo wengi wanafuata pia Njia ya Msalaba.
Kwaresima katika liturujia ya Kanisa la Roma [19]
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kuna mpangilio kabambe wa masomo ya Misa, hasa ya Dominika, ili wote wafuate hatua kuu za historia ya wokovu (somo la kwanza) na kuchimba ukweli wa ubatizo (mwaka A), agano na fumbo la Kristo (mwaka B) na upatanisho (mwaka C). Kwa njia hiyo tunatangaziwa jinsi Mungu anavyotuokoa; pia upande wetu kuanzia Dominika ya kwanza tunajielewa kuwa watu vishawishini ambao tunapaswa kushinda kwa kumfuata Yesu, si Adamu: kwenda jangwani ili kumtafuta Bwana na matakwa yake.
Kilele cha safari ya Kwaresima ni Dominika ya Matawi, tunapoingia Yerusalemu pamoja na Yesu anayekwenda kufa na kufufuka kwa ajili yetu. Liturujiaya siku hiyo ina mambo mawili: kwanza shangwe (katika maandamano), halafu huzuni (kuanzia masomo, ambayo kilele chake ni Injili ya Mateso).
Hata hivyo, Wakristo huendelea na mfungo hadi Ijumaa Kuu wanapoadhimisha mateso na kifo cha Yesu Kristo msalabani. Juma linaoanza katika Dominika ya Matawi huitwa Juma Kuu na siku tatu za mwisho kabla ya Dominika ya Pasaka hupewa hadhi hiyohiyo kwa kutajwa kama "Alhamisi Kuu", "Ijumaa Kuu" na "Jumamosi Kuu"). Siku ya Alhamisi Kuu inafanyika ibada ya kumbukumbu ya Yesu kufanya karamu ya mwisho na kuwaosha mitume wake miguu.
Baada ya Kwaresima kwisha, tutapitia tena historia ya wokovu katika kesha la Pasaka ambapo hatua zote zinaangazwa na ushindi wa Kristo mfufuka.
Tazama pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ "Bringing Together Worship Resources for Lent and Easter" (kwa English). Moravian Church. 24 Machi 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Februari 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Comparative Religion For Dummies. For Dummies. 2011. ISBN 978-1118052273. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Machi 2011.
This is the day Lent begins. Christians go to church to pray and have a cross drawn in yellow in ashes on their foreheads. The ashes drawn on ancient tradition represent repentance before God. The holiday is part of Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Methodist, and Episcopalian [Anglican] liturgies, among others.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Thomas, Benny (14 Februari 2024). "Letter" (kwa English). Church of South India (United Protestant). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2024-02-15. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Februari 2024.
{{cite web}}: More than one of|accessdate=na|access-date=specified (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "The Significance of Lent" (kwa English). Methodist Church in Singapore. 22 Januari 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Februari 2024.
Over the last 25 years, more and more Methodist local conferences have been observing Lent, the 46 days before Easter.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Mennonite Stew – A Glossary: Lent. Third Way Café. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 19 Desemba 2014. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Februari 2012.
Traditionally, Lent was not observed by the Mennonite church, and only recently have more modern Mennonite churches started to focus on the six-week season preceding Easter.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Brumley, Jeff. "Lent not just for Catholics, but also for many denominations, Baptists and other evangelicals". The Florida Times Union. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Machi 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Benedict, Philip (2014). Christ's Churches Purely Reformed: A Social History of Calvinism. Yale University Press. uk. 506. ISBN 978-0300105070.
- ↑ "Question & Answer: Should we Observe Lent?". Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Aprili 2022.
Those inheriting a Reformed theology (which would include the OPC) have adopted the stance that the church is only to practice in worship what the Bible actually establishes, often called the 'regulative principle of worship.' Many in the Reformed tradition would exclude the practice of Lent on this basis—it lacks scriptural warrant.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Moore, Scott (2008). "The Predicament and the Promise for Young Baptist Scholars". Katika Ward, Roger; Gushee, David (whr.). The Scholarly Vocation and the Baptist Academy: Essays on the Future of Baptist Higher Education. Mercer University Press, Inc. uk. 143.
In most Baptist churches, Lent is non-existent, and Advent is merely the 'pre-Christmas' wind-up.
- ↑ Katika liturujia ya Milano inaanza Jumapili inayofuata
- ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lent". New Advent. Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-02.
- ↑ Conte, Jeanne (2001). Lenten Reflections (kwa Kiingereza). Nova Publishers. ku. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-56072-737-8.
- ↑ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints and Mysteries of the Christian Calendar (kwa Kiingereza). Liturgy Training Publications. uk. 12. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5.
- ↑ George Leo Haydock (2015). The New Testament (kwa Kiingereza). Aeterna Press.
To fast 40 days without being hungry, was certainly far above the strength of man, but to be hungry at any time is inconsistent with God; for which reason our blessed Saviour, that he might not manifestly declare his divinity, was afterwards hungry. S. Hil. -- On this example, as well as that of Moses and Elias, who also fasted 40 days, the fast of Lent was instituted by the apostles, and is of necessity to be observed according to the general consent of the ancient Fathers. S. Jerom (ep. liv. ad Marcel.) says, we fast 40 days, or make one Lent in a year, according to the tradition of the apostles.
- ↑ "What is Lent and why does it last forty days?". The United Methodist Church. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Agosti 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "The Liturgical Year". The Anglican Catholic Church. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 24 Agosti 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Agosti 2007.
{{cite web}}: More than one of|accessdate=na|access-date=specified (help); More than one of|archivedate=na|archive-date=specified (help); More than one of|archiveurl=na|archive-url=specified (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Burnett, Margaret (5 Machi 2017). "Students observe Lent on campus – The Brown and White" (kwa Kiingereza). The Brown and White. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Machi 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Ambrose, Gill; Craig-Wild, Peter; Craven, Diane; Moger, Peter (2007). Together for a Season (kwa Kiingereza). Church House Publishing. uk. 34. ISBN 978-0715140635.
- ↑ kama inavyofuatwa Kenya na Tanzania; taz. Misale ya Waamini, toleo la mwaka 2021, uk. 121-122
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Lent: Catholic Encyclopedia
- United Methodist Church: Lent and Easter
- Lent: Prayer and Practice Ilihifadhiwa 16 Juni 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Coptic Orthodox Lenten Resources Ilihifadhiwa 8 Januari 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Lent in the Armenian Orthodox Church tradition Ilihifadhiwa 14 Machi 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- The Season of Lent Ilihifadhiwa 10 Juni 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine. at the Christian Resource Institute
- Online Lenten Devotional
- Liturgical Resources
- United Methodist Church: Lent and Easter Resources
- Lent and Fasting in the Ukrainian Church Ilihifadhiwa 24 Juni 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine. — differences between Lent in the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church.
- The Season of Lent in the Catholic Church Ilihifadhiwa 5 Januari 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Daily Prayer Guide for Lent Ilihifadhiwa 3 Februari 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Nyimbo za Kwaresma
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