Waanabaptisti
Waanabaptisti (kwa Kilatini anabaptista,[1] kutoka Kigiriki ἀναβαπτισμός ambapo ἀνά, ana inamaanisha "tena" na βαπτισμός, baptismos, "ubatizo"[2]) ni Wakristo ambao hasa kuanzia karne ya 16 walikataa ubatizo jinsi ulivyotolewa na Kanisa Katoliki na madhehebu mbalimbali ya Uprotestanti.[3][4]
Kwa sababu hiyo, wenyewe hawapendi kuitwa hivyo: kwa mtazamo wao, hawarudii ubatizo, ila wanautoa kwa usahihi kwa mara ya kwanza.[5]
Msimamo wao ulisababisha kuanzia mwaka 1527 dhuluma kali kutoka kwa viongozi wa madhehebu hayo mbalimbali.
Kwa sasa Waanabaptisti wote hawafikii milioni 2 duniani.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Wakati wa Martin Luther yalianza pia madhehebu ambayo zamani hizo yalikataliwa na makanisa mengine yote: Waanabaptisti. Ni kwamba wakati ule wa mabadiliko walijitokeza Wakristo waliopenda kuwa karibu zaidi na mfano wa Ukristo wa kwanza. Walitaka Kanisa liwe jumuiya ya watakatifu, yaani Wakristo wa kweli tu. Waliona wengi kuwa Wakristo wa jina tu.
Walivyojisomea Biblia walishindwa kuelewa desturi ya kubatiza watoto. Jinsi walivyoona, mwanzoni watoto wadogo hawakubatizwa ila watu wazima walioamini. Kwa jumla wakaona desturi ya kubatiza watoto wasiofahamu imani ni msingi wa kuwa na wanafiki na Wakristo wa uongo ndani ya kanisa.
Mwaka 1525 huko Uswisi ulitokea ubatizo wa mtu mzima. Aliwahi kubatizwa utotoni lakini alianza kuelewa imani na kuongoka katika umri mkubwa tu. Akajisikia apokee "ubatizo wa imani".
Habari hii na mafundisho yaliyolingana nayo vilienea haraka sana Uswisi na Ujerumani. Katika miji mbalimbali Wakristo walivutiwa kukutana katika vikundi vidogo nje ya makanisa, wakisali pamoja na kuwa na Chakula cha Bwana nyumbani mwao. Walioamini kwa njia hiyo mpya walitafuta "ubatizo wa imani".
Viongozi Wakatoliki na pia Waprotestanti wakapinga mafundisho yao. Wakaona ni kudharau sakramenti ya ubatizo, maana wale wote wameshawahi kubatizwa kama watoto wadogo. Tena walikuwa na shaka juu ya kanisa kuwa jumuiya ya "Wakristo wa kweli tu". Nani aamue juu ya ukweli wa rohoni kama si Mungu mwenyewe?
Jinsi Waanabaptisti walivyojaribu kulinda utakatifu wa kanisa lao kwa kuweka masharti mbalimbali juu ya maadili, wengine waliona wameunda taratibu za kibinadamu. Luther, aliyetoka katika jitihada za umonaki alipojaribu kujenga utakatifu wake kwa kutimiza masharti mengi, aliona kosa lilelile katika "watakatifu" wale.
Tatizo lingine lilikuwa uhusiano wao na serikali na dola. Walisoma katika Biblia kwamba Mkristo asiape wala kutumia silaha, wala kushiriki katika mambo ya serikali. Kumbe wakaonekana ni maadui wa kila serikali.
Jambo la kusikitisha sana ni kwamba madhehebu makubwa yaliyoendelea chini ya ulinzi wa serikali za maeneo yao yalikuwa tayari kuwagandamiza kinyama Waanabaptisti. Waliobatiza watu wazima na kuhubiri imani hiyo wakatafutwa na kukamatwa, kufungwa gerezani na hata kuuawa. Katika matendo ya namna hiyo zilishirikiana serikali zote za Ulaya, kama ni za Kikatoliki, za Kilutheri au za Kikalvini.
Baada ya wengi wao kuuawa, Waanabaptisti wengine walianza kujificha au kuhamia mahali walipopata ustahimilivu. Kikundi kimoja kiliweza kuishi Uholanzi na Ujerumani Kaskazini. Kiongozi wao alikuwa Menno Simoni. Wafuasi wake wakaitwa "Wamenno".
Baadaye wakahamia mpaka Urusi kutafuta mahali penye uhuru wa dini wasipolazimishwa kuwa wanajeshi wala kuapa mahakamani.
Walienea hasa Marekani walipokimbilia wafuasi wake kutoka sehemu mbalimbali za Ulaya.
Katika karne zilizofuata wamisionari wao walirudi tena Ulaya na kuenea sehemu nyingine za dunia.
Waanabaptisti wanaangalia zaidi uhuru wa ushirika pale wanaposali kuliko umoja wa Kanisa, hivyo wako duniani katika vikundi mbalimbali.
Jumuiya zao zilipokua baadaye, sehemu kubwa ya Waanabaptisti waliacha tena masharti ya kutotumia silaha au kukataa kiapo mahakamani, kama tumeshaona katika vikundi vingine.
Nchini Tanzania Wamenno wako hasa kaskazini, lakini kitovu cha Kanisa la Kibatisti lililoundwa na wamisionari Wamarekani ni katika Nyanda za Juu za Kusini. Kanisa la "African Inland Church - AIC" linafuata pia mapokeo ya Kibatisti katika mengi ila linatumia cheo cha Askofu.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ "Anabaptist, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Desemba 2012, iliwekwa mnamo 21 Januari 2013
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Anabaptism, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Desemba 2012, iliwekwa mnamo 21 Januari 2013
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ McGrath, William, "Neither Catholic nor Protestant", CBC 4 me (PDF), ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2016-12-27, iliwekwa mnamo 2014-08-30
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suggested) (help) - ↑ Gilbert, William, "CHAPTER 15 THE RADICALS OF THE REFORMATION", THE ANABAPTISTS AND THE REFORMATION, ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2018-12-25, iliwekwa mnamo 2014-08-30
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suggested) (help). - ↑ Vedder, Henry Clay (1905). Balthasar Hübmaier, the Leader of the Anabaptists. New York: GP Putnam's Sons.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- van Braght, Thieleman J (1950) [1938], Martyrs Mirror, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, ISBN 978-0-8361-1390-7.
- Carroll, J.M. (1931). The Trail of Blood: Following the Christians Down through the Ages, or, the history of Baptist Churches from the Time of Christ, Their Founder, to the Present Day. Lexington, Ky.: Ashland Avenue Baptist Church. 56 p. + fold. chart. Without ISBN
- Estep, William R (1963), The Anabaptist Story, Grand Rapids, MI: William B Eerdmans, ISBN 0-8028-1594-4.
- Klaassen, Walter (1973), Anabaptism: Neither Catholic Nor Protestant, Waterloo, ON: Conrad Press.
- Knox, Ronald. Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries. Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press, 1950. viii, 622 p.
- Packull, Werner O (1995), Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments During the Reformation, Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-6256-6.
- Stayer, James M (1994) [1991], The German Peasants’ War and Anabaptist Community of Goods, Montréal: McGill-Queen’s Press, MQUP, ISBN 0-7735-0842-2.
- Williams, George Hunston (2000) [1962], The Radical Reformation (tol. la 3rd), Truman State University Press, ISBN 0-664-20372-8.
Marejeo mengine
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Newman, Albert H, A History of Anti-Pedobaptism, From the Rise of Pedobaptism to AD 1609, Google Books, ISBN 1-57978-536-0.
- Fast, Heinhold. "Anabaptists." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 45–48. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137
- Anabaptists and the Sword, by James M. Stayer, (Google Books, ISBN 0-87291-081-4)
- In Editha's Days. A Tale of Religious Liberty, by Mary E. Bamford LCCN 06006296 (republished as The Bible Makes Us Baptists, Larry Harrison, ed.), (Google Books)
- Revelation & Revolution: Basic Writings of Thomas Muntzer, by Michael G. Baylor, (Google Books, ISBN 0-934223-16-5)
- The Anabaptist Vision, by Harold S. Bender, (Google Books, ISBN 0-8361-1305-5)
- The Encyclopedia of American Religions, by J. Gordon Melton, (Google Books, ISBN 0-8103-6904-4)
- Pearse, Meic, The Great Restoration: The Religious Radicals of the 16th and 17th Centuries.
- The Pursuit of the Millennium, by Norman Cohn, (Google Books, ISBN 0-19-500456-6)
- The Reformers and their Stepchildren, by Leonard Verduin, (Google Books, ISBN 0-8010-9284-1)
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- "Anabaptism". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Iliwekwa mnamo Septemba 11, 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The Story of the Church: The Protestant Reformation: The Anabaptists and Other Radical Reformers". Ritchie Family Page. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2005-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo Desemba 15, 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "The Anabaptist Story". The Reformed Reader. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2005-12-15. Iliwekwa mnamo Desemba 15, 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - What is an Anabaptist Christian? Archived 28 Agosti 2014 at the Wayback Machine., 2nd ed., Palmer Becker, Missio Dei no. 18, 2010.
- The Rise and Fall of the Anabaptists, by E. Belfort Bax 1903
- Anabaptist Mennonites
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