Ukoloni Mamboleo
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png/300px-World_1898_empires_colonies_territory.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png/300px-Colonialism_in_1945_updated_legend.png)
Ukoloni Mamboleo ni neno linalotumiwa na wakosoaji wa ukoloni kuelekezwa kwa nchi tajiri kuendelea kuingilia masuala ya nchi zinazoendelea baada ya ukoloni wenyewe kwisha kwa ukiukaji wa azimio la Umoja wa Mataifa. Wanakosoa mataifa ya kibepari kuhusika na dhuluma katika biashara ya kisasa na yaliyokuwa makoloni.
Wakosoaji wanasisitiza kwamba wafanyabiashara binafsi na makampuni ya biashara ya kigeni huendelea kunyonya rasilimali za mataifa baada ya enzi ya ukoloni kama ilivyotekelezwa kutoka karne ya 16 hadi karne ya 20.
Katika matumizi mapana, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kumaanisha ule ushiriki wa nchi zenye nguvu katika mambo ya nguvu chini ya nchi; hii ni muhimu hasa Amerika kusini.
Kwa maana hii, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kutaja aina ya kisasa ya ukoloni, uchumi wa ubeberu: kwamba mataifa yenye nguvu kuishi kama wakoloni, na tabia hii inafananishwa na ukoloni.
Ukoloni Mamboleo na ubeberu[hariri | hariri chanzo]
"Kadiri ubeberu utakavyoishi, kwa umbile lake utatawala nchi nyingine. Leo utawala huo unaitwa Ukoloni Mamboleo."
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/1989_CPA_6101.jpg/200px-1989_CPA_6101.jpg)
Neno Ukoloni Mamboleo lilianza kutumika, hasa kuhusu Afrika, baada ya mchakato wa kupata uhuru. Kisha kupata uhuru, baadhi ya viongozi wa kitaifa na makundi ya upinzani walisema kuwa nchi zao hazitakubali aina mpya ya ukoloni kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea. Kwame Nkrumah, ambaye mwaka 1957 akawa kiongozi wa Ghana, aliwahi kufafanua Ukoloni Mamboleo katika moja ya vitabu vyake, "Ukoloni Mamboleo, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubeberu" (1965), ambacho ni kama ugani wa kile cha Lenin "Ubeberu, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubepari" (1916), ambamo Lenin anasema kuwa ubeberu wa karne ya 19 unategemeana na mahitaji ya mfumo wa kibepari.
Harakati za Pan-Afrika na nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Ukoloni Mamboleo ulipata umaarufu baada ya mwanzo wa kupata uhuru kwingineko zaidi kwa kupitia shughuli za wasomi na viongozi wapya wa kujitegemea kutoka mataifa ya Afrika na harakati ya Pan-Africanist. Wengi wa viongozi hao walihudhuria Mkutano wa Bandung wa 1955, kupelekea uundwaji wa harakati za nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote. Mikutano ya All-African Peoples 'Conference (AAPC) mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na mapema miaka ya 1960 kuenea Ukoloni Mamboleo kukosoa hii.
Katika Vita Baridi, nchi zisizoegemea pande zozote, na mashirika kama vile Shirika la Mshikamano na Watu wa Asia, Afrika na Amerika vilitaja Ukoloni Mamboleo kama adui wa pamoja.
Uhusiano wa Ufaransa na viongozi wa Afrika[hariri | hariri chanzo]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MacKenzieSlcu.jpg/220px-MacKenzieSlcu.jpg)
Mfano maarufu wa Ukoloni Mamboleo ni uhusiano wa Ufaransa na viongozi wa nchi huru mpya za Afrika kwa lengo la kuendelea kuzitawala. Mara ya kwanza kutumika ilikuwa kwa kwa rais wa Cote d'Ivoire Felix Houphouët-Boigny, mfano wa uhusiano mzuri kati ya Ufaransa na Afrika wakati wa urais wa Charles de Gaulle (1958-1969).
Viongozi walio karibu na Ufaransa (hasa wakati wa Vita Baridi) walikuwa kama mawakala wake na kudumisha Kifaransa barani Afrika (Jumuiya ya Kifaransa na baadaye Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie). Waliotajwa mara nyingi ni Omar Bongo, Rais wa Gabon, Felix Houphouët-Boigny, rais wa Cote d'Ivoire, Gnassingbe Eyadema,rais wa Togo, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, rais wa Jamhuri ya Kongo, Idriss Déby, rais wa Chad, na Hamani Diori, rais wa Niger.
Ubelgiji na Kongo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Baada ya mchakato wa haraka wa kuacha huru Kongo ya Kibelgiji, Ubelgiji iliendelea kudhibiti, kwa njia ya Société Générale de Belgique takriban 70% ya uchumi wa Kongo, hasa madini ya jimbo la Katanga.
Uingereza[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Wakosoaji wa mahusiano ya Uingereza na makoloni ya Afrika wanasema baadhi ya nchi huru mpya ziliendelea kutawaliwa kijeshi na kiuchumi kwa kisingizio cha kuleta maendeleo, kama vile Sierra Leone. [2]
Ukoloni Mamboleo kama kutawala kiuchumi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Truman_greeting_Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran.jpg/220px-Truman_greeting_Prime_Minister_Mossadegh_of_Iran.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jimmy_Carter_and_Lt._Gen._Olusegun_Obasanjo_tour_Lagos%2C_Nigeria._-_NARA_-_178660.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Lt._Gen._Olusegun_Obasanjo_tour_Lagos%2C_Nigeria._-_NARA_-_178660.tif.jpg)
Mashirika ya kimataifa[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo pia wanasema kuwa uwekezaji na mashirika ya kimataifa uliimarisha maendeleo duni. Katika baadhi ya nchi, ubinafsishaji wa rasilimali za kitaifa ulifuatiwa na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira, umaskini, na kushuka kwa mapato. [3] Hii ni kweli hasa katika mataifa ya Afrika Magharibi ya Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, na Mauritania ambapo uvuvi una historia muhimu kwa uchumi wa wenyeji. Kuanzia mwaka 1979, Umoja wa Ulaya ulianza kubana haki za uvuvi katika pwani ya Afrika Magharibi[4] kinyume cha Mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya bahari ambao unatambua umuhimu wa uvuvi kwa jamii. [5]
Taasisi za fedha za kimataifa[hariri | hariri chanzo]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg/220px-Worldbank_protest_jakarta.jpg)
Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo walitaka kukataa mikopo (hasa isiyolipika) kutoka kwa taasisi za fedha za kimataifa kama vile Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa (IMF) na Benki ya Dunia (WB). Wao wanasema kwamba ili wapewa mikopo, na aina nyingine za misaada ya kiuchumi, mataifa dhaifu yanalazimika kuchukua hatua kwa maslahi ya kifedha ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia lakini dhidi ya uchumi wao yenyewe. Marekebisho ya miundo hayo yana athari ya kuongeza kuliko kupunguza umaskini ndani ya taifa. Watuhumiwa wa kushiriki katika ubeberu huo ni pamoja na Benki ya Dunia, Shirika la Biashara Duniani, G8 na World Economic Forum.
Wale ambao wanasema kwa hakika na ukweli kwamba Afrika leo inalipa pesa zaidi kila mwaka katika huduma ya malipo ya madeni ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia kuliko inayopata katika mikopo kutoka kwao, na hivyo mara nyingi kunyima wenyeji wa nchi hizo mahitaji halisi. Utegemezi huu unaruhusu IMF na Benki ya Dunia kulazimisha mipango yao juu ya mataifa haya. Marekebisho yanayotokana na mipango hiyo, hasa ubinafsishaji, husababisha kuzorota kwa afya, elimu, na kutoweza kuendeleza miundombinu, na maisha kwa jumla.
Usawishi Mbadala[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Kutokana na akiba kubwa ya fedha, serikali ya China imeanza kucheza nafasi muhimu dhidi ya ushawishi wa IMF, kwa kukopesha baadhi ya nchi, kama vile Angola mwaka 2006. [6] Katika miaka ya karibuni, Jamhuri ya Watu wa China imejenga sana mahusiano na Afrika,[7] [8] China kwa sasa ni wa pili kwa uhusiano mkubwa na Afrika, baada ya Marekani. Mnamo Agosti 2007, kulikuwa na raia 750,000 hivi wa Uchina wakifanya kazi au kuishi katika nchi mbalimbali za Afrika[9] [10] wakijipatia rasilimali - mafuta, madini - ili kulisha uchumi wa nchi yao na kupanua masoko ya makampuni yake. [11] [12] Mwaka 2006, biashara kwa njia mbili iliongezeka hadi dola bilioni 50. [13]
Mwaka 2007, serikali ya China na Kongo-Kinshasa ziliingia katika mkataba ambapo makampuni ya Kichina yanayomilikiwa na serikali yatatoa huduma mbalimbali (miradi ya miundombinu) katika kubadilishana na shaba ya migodi. [6]
Watetezi wa haki za binadamu na wapinzani wa serikali ya Sudan wanaonyesha jinsi China ilivyotoa silaha na ndege ili kupata petroli na gesi ya asili namna ya kikoloni ili kudumisha udhibiti wao wa maliasili. [14] [15] [16] Kulingana na wakosoaji wa China, China inayotolea Sudan msaada wake kutishia kutumia kura ya turufu kwenye Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa kulinda Khartoum kutoka vikwazo juu ya Darfur ili kulinda maslahi yake nchini Sudan. [17]
Korea ya Kusini na ununuzi wa ardhi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Serikali tajiri na makampuni ya kimataifa yenye nguvu kutoka Korea ya Kusini zimenunua haraka mamilioni ya hekta za ardhi ya kilimo katika nchi zinazoendelea katika jitihada za kupata chakula.[18] [19] Hivyo, serikali ya Korea Kusini sasa hutumia rasilimali za nchi maskini kwa kununua ng'ambo nishati na chakula, ili kuwa mmoja wa uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi.
Park Yong-soo wa Korea ya Kusini alisisitiza kuwa "taifa halizalishi tone moja ya mafuta yasiyosafishwa na viwanda vingine muhimu madini. Kwa nguvu ya ukuaji wa uchumi na kusaidia maisha ya watu, hatuwezi kusisitiza mno kiasi kwamba kupata rasilimali asili katika nchi za nje ni lazima kwa maisha yetu ya baadaye. [20]
Mkuu wa Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo (FAO), Jacques Diouf, ameonya kwamba kupanda katika nchi utata mikataba inaweza kutengeneza fomu ya "ukoloni mamboleo", kwa mataifa maskini kuzalisha chakula kwa ajili ya matajiri kwa gharama zao wenyewe na njaa ya watu.
Njia nyingine za Ukoloni Mamboleo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Utamaduni[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Ukoloni Mamboleo unaeneza utamaduni wa kigeni ili kudhibiti mataifa mengine upande wa maadili na mitazamo kupitia vyombo vya habari, lugha, elimu na dini, hatimaye kwa sababu za kiuchumi. Kwa mfano, waandishi wanachapa vizuri zaidi himaya ya kikoloni katika historia ya karne ya 19.
Kuna seti ya nadharia katika falsafa, filamu, siasa, sayansi na fasihi inayoshughulika na historia ya utamaduni wa utawala wa ukoloni.
Tazama pia[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- ↑ "At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria" speech by Che Guevara to the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in Algiers, Algeria on 24 Februari 1965
- ↑ thirdworldtraveler.com: Ukoloni Mamboleo parapundit.com /. Archived 12 Januari 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Benki ya Dunia, IMF akatupa Kolombia Tailspin Into Archived 29 Septemba 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Baltimore Sun, 4 Aprili 2002
- ↑ Ulaya Afrika inachukua Samaki, na Boatloads ya wahamiaji Follow The New York Times, 14 Januari 2008
- ↑ Umoja wa Mataifa 2007
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Uchina's Quest for Resources - A mwenye hasira joka Archived 30 Novemba 2009 at the Wayback Machine. The Economist, 13 Machi 2008
- ↑ Jeshi migongo Uchina's Afrika adventure, Archived 2012-07-21 at Archive.today Asia Times
- ↑ Mbeki inaonya juu ya mahusiano ya China na Afrika
- ↑ "Kichina flocking katika idadi ya a new frontier: Afrika". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-08-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-08-18.
- ↑ Kichina ubeberu katika Afrika
- ↑ "Uchina, Afrika, na Mafuta". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-02-08. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-12-04.
- ↑ Je Uchina Afrika ubeberu mpya nguvu?
- ↑ Je Uchina nguvu mpya ya ukoloni katika Afrika? Taipei Times, 1 Novemba 2006
- ↑ http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm
- ↑ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21143-2004Dec22.html
- ↑ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/04/16/artists_abetting_genocide/
- ↑ "Nakala iliyohifadhiwa". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2006-05-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-12-04.
- ↑ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=12&pr.y=13&sy=2007&ey=2007&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort = nchi & ds =. & br = 1 & c = 512.941.914.446.612.666.614.668.311.672.213.946.911.137.193.962.122.674.912.676.313.548 , 419.556.513.678.316.181.913.682.124.684.339.273.638.921.514.948.218.943.963.686.616.688.223.518.516 , 728.918.558.748.138.618.196.522.278.622.692.156.694.624.142.626.449.628.564.228.283.924.853.233.288.632.293.636.566.634.964.238.182.662.453.960.968.423.922.935.714.128.862.611.716.321.456.243.722.248.942.469.718.253.724.642.576.643.936.939.961.644.813.819.199.172.184.132.524.646.361.648.362.915.364.134.732.652.366.174.734.328.144.258.146.656.463.654.528.336.923.263.738.268.578.532.537.944.742.176.866.534.369.536.744.429.186.433.925.178.746.436.926.136.466.343.112.158.111.439.298.916.927.664.846.826.299.542.582.443.474.917.754.544.698 & s = NGDPD & grp = 0 & a =
- ↑ http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48556.html
- ↑ http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/123_48943.html
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Opoku Agyeman. Nkrumah's Ghana and East Africa: Pan-Africanism and African interstate relations (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992).
- Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.
- Bill Ashcroft (ed., et al.) The post-colonial studies reader (Routledge, London, 1995).
- Yolamu R Barongo. neo-colonialism and African politics: A survey of the impact of neo-colonialism on African political behavior (Vantage Press, NY, 1980).
- Mongo Beti, Main basse sur le Cameroun. Autopsie d'une décolonisation (1972), new edition La Découverte, Paris 2003 [A classical critique of neo-colonialism. Raymond Marcellin, the French Minister of the Interior at the time, tried to prohibit the book. It could only be published after fierce legal battles.]
- Frédéric Turpin. De Gaulle, Pompidou et l'Afrique (1958-1974): décoloniser et coopérer (Les Indes savantes, Paris, 2010. [Grounded on Foccart's previously inaccessibles archives]
- Kum-Kum Bhavnani. (ed., et al.) Feminist futures: Re-imagining women, culture and development (Zed Books, NY, 2003). See: Ming-yan Lai's "Of Rural Mothers, Urban Whores and Working Daughters: Women and the Critique of Neocolonial Development in Taiwan's Nativist Literature," pp. 209–225.
- David Birmingham. The decolonization of Africa (Ohio University Press, 1995).
- Charles Cantalupo(ed.). The world of Ngugi wa Thiong'o (Africa World Press, 1995).
- Laura Chrisman and Benita Parry (ed.) Postcolonial theory and criticism (English Association, Cambridge, 2000).
- Renato Constantino. Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonization (Merlin Press, London, 1978).
- George A. W. Conway. A responsible complicity: Neo/colonial power-knowledge and the work of Foucault, Said, Spivak (University of Western Ontario Press, 1996).
- Julia V. Emberley. Thresholds of difference: feminist critique, native women's writings, postcolonial theory (University of Toronto Press, 1993).
- Nikolai Aleksandrovich Ermolov. Trojan horse of neo-colonialism: U.S. policy of training specialists for developing countries (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1966).
- Thomas Gladwin. Slaves of the white myth: The psychology of neo-colonialism (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1980).
- Lewis Gordon. Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial Age (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997).
- Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt. Globalization and the postcolonial world: The new political economy of development (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
- J. M. Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
- M. B. Hooker. Legal pluralism; an introduction to colonial and neo-colonial laws (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975).
- E.M. Kramer (ed.) The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the "model minority" (Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2003). See: Archana J. Bhatt's "Asian Indians and the Model Minority Narrative: A Neocolonial System," pp. 203–221.
- Geir Lundestad (ed.) The fall of great powers: Peace, stability, and legitimacy (Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1994).
- Jean-Paul Sartre. 'Colonialism and neo-colonialism. Translated by Steve Brewer, Azzedine Haddour, Terry McWilliams Republished in the 2001 edition by Routledge France. ISBN 0-415-19145-9.
- Peccia, T., 2014, "The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0", Jura Gentium - Rivista di Filosofia del Diritto Internazionale e della Politica Globale, Sezione "L'Afghanistan Contemporaneo", http://www.juragentium.org/topics/wlgo/en/peccia.htm
- Stuart J. Seborer. U.S. neo-colonialism in Africa (International Publishers, NY, 1974).
- D. Simon. Cities, capital and development: African cities in the world economy (Halstead, NY, 1992).
- Phillip Singer(ed.) Traditional healing, new science or new colonialism": (essays in critique of medical anthropology) (Conch Magazine, Owerri, 1977).
- Jean Suret-Canale. Essays on African history: From the slave trade to neo-colonialism (Hurst, London 1988).
- Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Barrel of a pen: Resistance to repression in neo-colonial Kenya (Africa Research & Publications Project, 1983).
- Carlos Alzugaray Treto. El ocaso de un régimen neocolonial: Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Batista durante 1958,(The twilight of a neocolonial regime: The United States and Batista during 1958), in Temas: Cultura, Ideología y Sociedad, No.16-17, October 1998/March 1999, pp. 29–41 (La Habana: Ministry of Culture).
- United Nations (2007). Reports of International Arbitral Awards. XXVII. United Nations Publication. uk. 188. ISBN 978-92-1-033098-5.
- Richard Werbner (ed.) Postcolonial identities in Africa (Zed Books, NJ, 1996).
Viungo vya nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- China, Africa, and Oil Archived 8 Februari 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
- Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties
- "neocolonialism" in Encyclopedia of Marxism.
- Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, by Kwame Nkrumah (former Prime Minister and President of Ghana), originally published 1965
- Comments by Prof. Jeffrey Sachs - BBC
- Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs video (ram) - hosted by Columbia Univ.
- The myth of Neo-colonialism by Tunde Obadina, director of Africa Business Information Services (AfBIS) Archived 11 Juni 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
- http://www.africahistory.net/imf.htm Archived 26 Februari 2010 at the Wayback Machine. — IMF: Market Reform and Corporate Globalization, by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Prof. of History and African Studies, Conne. State Univ.
Vitini vya vyuo vikuu[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Sovereignty in the Postcolonial African State, Syllabus[dead link] : Joseph Hill, University of Rochester, 2008.
- Studying African development history: Study guides Archived 11 Desemba 2008 at the Wayback Machine., Lauri Siitonen, Päivi Hasu, Wolfgang Zeller. Helsinki University, 2007.