Yohane Krisostomo

Yohane Krisostomo (karne XI.

Yohane Krisostomo na Gregori wa Nazianzo katika picha ya Kirusi ya karne XVIII.

Yohane Krisostomo (kwa Kigiriki χρυσόστομος / khrysóstomos, yaani «Mdomo wa dhahabu») alizaliwa Antiokia (347 hivi) akawa Patriarki wa Konstantinopoli.

Anaheshimiwa kama mtakatifu, babu wa Kanisa na mwalimu wa Kanisa.

Ari yake ilisababisha apendwe na achukiwe sana. Hatimaye alifukuzwa na kaisari na kufa uhamishoni (407).

Maisha

Asili na ujana

Alizaliwa Antiokia ya Siria (leo katika mipaka ya Uturuki) katika familia tajiri ya Kikristo mwaka 347 hivi. Wakati huo mji huo ulikuwa unamfuata Konstantinopoli tu kwa umuhimu upande wa mashariki wa Dola la Roma.

Katika karne IV huko zilitokea vurugu nyingi kwa msingi wa dini. Mjini kulikuwa na maaskofu wawili walioshindana: Melezio na Paulino. Yohane aliishi ujana wake katika mazingira hayo.

Baba yake, Sekundo, aliyekuwa askari kiongozi, alifariki mapema na kumuacha mtoto mdogo pamoja na dada yake kwa mama yao, Antusa, mwenye umri wa miaka 22 tu.

Alifundishwa na mhubiri maarufu Libanio, ambaye alisema juu yake, «Angekuwa mmojawapo kati ya wanafunzi wangu bora, kama Kanisa asingeniibia».

Yohane aliandika kwamba ujanani hakuwa mtulivu, akipenda vyakula na maigizo.

Alipofikia miaka 18 anni alikutana na Melesyo akamuomba ubatizo akaanza kufuata kozi za Biblia za Diodoro wa Tarso, maarufu kwa ufafanuzi wa maneno yenyewe ya Biblia usiofuata sana maana ya kiroho.

Kupewa daraja

Alipomaliza masomo hayo, alipewa daraja ndogo akajifungia upwekeni akasoma teolojia.

Alitunga kitabu juu ya upadri kilichoathiriwa sana na Gregori wa Nazianzo. Humo alieleza kuwa umonaki si njia pekee ya kulenga ukamilifu; huduma za kipadri kwa faida ya waamini kati ya vishawishi vingi vya ulimwengu ndiyo njia bora ya kumtumikia Mungu.

Miezi ya baridi kati ya 380–381 alipewa na Melesyo daraja ya shemasi na miaka michache baadaye akawa kasisi. Sifa yake kama mhubiri iliongezeka, na wasikilizaji wakaanza kujiandikia kumbukumbu za maneno yake.

Pamoja na hayo aliendelea kuandika vitabu mbalimbali.

Mwaka 397 Nectario alipofariki, kulikuwa na ushindani mkubwa kwa kushika nafasi yake, mpaka kaisari Arcadio alipomchagua Yohane.

Askofu

Huyo aliongoza kanisa lake kwa bidii nyingi, akishambulia ufisadi na anasa ya viongozi, akijipatia hivio maadui wengi kwenye ikulu.

Alipambana kwa nguvu na uzushi na kuleta nidhamu katika majimbo yaliyo chini yake, akiwafukuza mapadri wengi wasiofaa, na hata askofu wa Efeso. Pia alilazimisha wamonaki wazururaji warudi katika monasteri zao.

Alishika maisha magumu na kulazimisha wasaidizi wake pia kufanya vilevile.

Mwanzoni alitegemezwa na ikulu, lakini baada ya kumlaumu malkia Eudoxia kwa kujipatia mali ya mjane, uhusiano uliharibika.

Mwaka 402 maadui wake wengi waliomba msaada wa patriarki Teofilo wa Aleksandria, ambaye kanisa lake lilikuwa na ushindani na lile la Konstantinopoli. Teofilo alifika na maaskofu wengi wa Misri na kumfanya Yohane afukuzwe na kaisari, ila malkia alimrudisha.

Hata hivyo njama ziliendelea hata Ciononostante tarehe 9 Juni 404 alifukuzwa moja kwa moja. Kwa miaka mitatu aliishi kwenye milima ya Armenia, akitenda kazi kubwa.

Halafu mwaka 407 alihamishwa tena aende Pitiunte kwenye Bahari Nyeusi lakini tarehe 14 Septemba 407 alifariki huko Comana Pontica akiwa njiani.

Maneno yake ya mwisho yalikuwa: "Utukufu kwa Mungu kwa yote. (Doxa to Theo pantôn eneke)."

Maandishi yake ni mengi sana.

Vyanzo

• Allen, Pauline and Mayer, Wendy (2000). John Chrysostom. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18252-2
• Attwater, Donald (1960). St. John Chrysostom: Pastor and Preacher. London: Catholic Book Club.
• Blamires, Harry (1996). The New Bloomsday Book: A Guide Through Ulysses. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-15-3858-.
• Brändle, R., V. Jegher-Bucher, and Johannes Chrysostomus (1995). Acht Reden gegen Juden (Bibliothek der griechischen Literatur 41), Stuttgart: Hiersemann.
• Brustein, William I. (2003). Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77308-3
• Carter, Robert (1962). "The Chronology of St. John Chrysostom's Early Life." Traditio 18:357–64.
• Chrysostom, John (1979). Discourses Against Judaizing Christians, trans. Paul W. Harkins. The Fathers of the Church; v. 68. Washington: Catholic University of America Press.
• Dumortier, Jean (1951). "La valeur historique du dialogue de Palladius et la chronologie de saint Jean Chrysostome." Mélanges de science religieuse, 8, 51–56.
• Hartney, Aideen (2004). John Chrysostom and the Transformation of the City. London: Duckworth. ISBN 0-520-04757-5.
• Joyce, James (1961). Ulysses. New York: The Modern Library.
• Kelly, John Norman Davidson (1995). Golden Mouth: The Story of John Chrysostom-Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop. Ithica, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3189-1.
• Laqueur, Walter (2006). The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530429-2.
• Liebeschuetz, J.H.W.G. (1990) Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814886-0.
• Lewy, Yohanan [Hans] (1997). "John Chrysostom". Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth. Keter Publishing House. ISBN 965-07-0665-8.
• Meeks, Wayne A., and Robert L. Wilken (1978). Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era (The Society of Biblical Literature, Number 13). Missoula: Scholars Press. ISBN 0-89130-229-8.
• Palladius, Bishop of Aspuna. Palladius on the Life And Times of St. John Chrysostom, transl. and edited by Robert T. Meyer. New York: Newman Press, 1985. ISBN 0-8091-0358-3.
• Parks, James (1969). Prelude to Dialogue. London.
• Parry, David; David Melling (editors) (2001). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0631189661. 

• Pradels, W. (2002). "Lesbos Cod. Gr. 27 : The Tale of a Discovery", Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum 6, pp. 81–89.
• Pradels, W., R. Brändle, and M. Heimgartner (2001). "Das bisher vermisste Textstück in Johannes Chrysostomus, Adversus Judaeos, Oratio 2", Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum 5, pp. 23–49.
• Pradels, W., R. Brändle, and M. Heimgartner (2002). "The sequence and dating of the series of John Chrysostom's eight discourses Adversus Judaeos", Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum 6, 90-116.
• Schaff, Philip, and Henry Wace (eds.) (1890). Socrates, Sozomenus: Church Histories (A Select Library of Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, second series, vol. II). New York: The Christian Literature Company.
• Stark, Rodney (1997). The Rise of Christianity. How the Obscure, Marginal Jesus Movement Became the Dominant Religious Force in the Western World in a Few Centuries. Princeton University Press.
• Stephens, W.R.W. (1883). Saint John Chrysostom, His Life and Times. London: John Murray.
• Stow, Kenneth (2006). Jewish Dogs, An Imagine and Its Interpreters: Continiuity in the Catholic-Jewish Encounter. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-5281-8.
• Wilken, Robert Louis (1983). John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Willey, John H. (1906). Chrysostom: The Orator. Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham.
• Woods, Thomas (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington, D.C.: Regenery. ISBN 0-89526-038-7

Viungo vya nje

Maandishi yake

• Maandishi yake yote katika Patrologia Graeca ya Migne pamoja na faharasa, tafsiri(EN, FR, IT, RU) na kamusi maalumu
• The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
• Writings of Chrysostom in the Christian Classics Ethereal Library edition of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers:
  • On the Priesthood, Ascetic Treatises, Select Homilies and Letters, Homilies on the Statutes
  • Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew '
  • Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans
  • Homilies on First and Second Corinthians
  • Homilies on the Epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon
  • Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews
• The Hieratikon Easter Sermon of St. John Chrysostom
• Eight Homilies Against the Jews

Vinginevyo

• Newadvent Catholic Encyclopedia
• On the Priesthood, Ascetic Treatises, Select Homilies and Letters, Homilies on the Statutes from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
• Homilies on the Gospel of St. Matthew from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• Homilies on First and Second Corinthians from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• Homilies on the Epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
• Selected excerpts from John Chrysostom
• St. Chrystostom by John Henry Newman - a biographical sketch focusing mainly on the period of his exile
• Was Saint John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic?
• Catholic Online -->
• The Saint John Chrysostom Webpage
• On St. John Chrysostom's Antioch Years by Pope Benedict XVI
• Symposium Commemorating the 1600th Anniversary of St. John's Repose
• Was St. John Chrysostom Anti-Semitic?
• St John Chrysostom and the Anglican Communion
• St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople Orthodox icon and synaxarion (13 November feast day)
• Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople (27 January feast day)
• Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom (30 January feast day)