Kuba
Makala hii ina vyanzo lakini havijapangiliwa kwa kufuata utaratibu wa uandishi wa Wikipedia
Makala (au sehemu ya makala hii) inatoa habari bila kuonesha vyanzo au uthibitisho wowote mahali husika.
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Kaulimbiu ya taifa: Kihispania: Patria o Muerte („Taifa au mauti“)[1] | |||||
Wimbo wa taifa: "La Bayamesa" ("Wimbo la Bayamo") | |||||
Mji mkuu | Havana | ||||
Mji mkubwa nchini | Havana | ||||
Lugha rasmi | Kihispania | ||||
Serikali | Jamhuri ya kijamii ya chama kimoja Miguel Díaz-Canel | ||||
Uhuru Kutoka Hispania tangazo la Jamhuri ya Kuba tarehe inayokumbukwa nchini Kuba |
10 Oktoba 1868 20 Mei 1902 1 Januari 1959 | ||||
Eneo - Jumla - Maji (%) |
110,861 km² (ya 105) negligible | ||||
Idadi ya watu - [[]] kadirio - 2013 sensa - Msongamano wa watu |
(ya 73) 11,210,064 102/km² (ya 106) | ||||
Fedha | Peso (CUC )
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Saa za eneo - Kiangazi (DST) |
EST (UTC-5) (Starts 1 Aprili, end date varies) (UTC-4) | ||||
Intaneti TLD | .cu | ||||
Kodi ya simu | +53
- |
Kuba (pia: Kyuba; kwa Kihispania: Cuba) ni nchi ya kisiwani katika Bahari ya Karibi kusini kwa Marekani. Nchi hiyo inajumuisha kisiwa kikuu cha Kuba ambacho pia ni kisiwa kikubwa cha Antili Kubwa pamoja na kisiwa cha Isla de la Juventud na visiwa vidogo vingine vingi.Kuba ni nchi kubwa kati ya nchi za Karibi yenye wakazi wengi.
Utamaduni wake unaonyesha athari za historia yake kama koloni la Hispania kwa miaka mingi, pia ya wakazi wenye asili katika watumwa kutoka Afrika na ya kuwa jirani na Marekani.
Jiografia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kuba iko katika eneo ambako Bahari Karibi, Ghuba ya Meksiko na Atlantiki zinakutana.Kisiwa kikuu kina urefu wa kilomita 1,250 na eneo la km² 104,556. Sehemu kubwa ni tambarare isipokuwa milima ya Sierra Maestra katika kusini magharibi inayofikia kimo cha mita 1,974.
Kisiwa cha pili ni Isla de la Juventud (Kisiwa cha Vijana) kilichoitwa Isla de Pinos (Kisiwa cha Misunobari) hadi mwaka 1978. Kisiwa hiki kina eneo la km² 2,200. Kuba yote ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 110,860 pamoja na sehemu za bahari, nchi kavu peke yake ni km² 109,884.
Tabianchi yake ni ya kitropiki. Kuba inaguswa na mkondo wa bahari ya Karibi unaobeba maji fufutende kutoka ikweta. Majira makavu kiasi hutokea kati ya Novemba hadi Aprili, majira ya mvua zaidi kuanzia Mei hadi Oktoba.
Halijoto ya hewa ya wastani ni sentigredi 21°C katika Januari na 27°C wakati wa Julai. Halijoto ya juu ya maji ya Bahari Karibi na kwenye Ghuba ya Meksiko husababisha kutokea kwa dhoruba kali aina za tufani mara kadhaa kila mwaka.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Koloni la Hispania
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kuba ilikuwa koloni la Hispania kuanzia kufika kwa Kristoforo Kolumbus mwaka 1492 hadi mwaka 1898. Wenyeji asilia walikuwa Waindio lakini wengi wao walikufa haraka kutokana na magonjwa kutoka Ulaya na ukali wa ukoloni wa Wahispania.Baadaye uchumi wa mashamba makubwa ya sukari ulijengwa kwa nguvu ya watumwa kutoka Afrika.
Kuanzia miaka ya 1860 watu wa Kuba walianza kupinga utawala wa Hispania na pia kudai mwisho wa utumwa. Mnamo 1898 manowari ya Kimarekani SS Maine ililipuka katika bandari ya Havana na tukio hili lilikuwa msingi kwa Marekani kutangaza hali ya vita dhidi ya Hispania. Marekani ilishinda katika Vita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania na kutawala kisiwa katika miaka iliyofuata.
Uhuru chini ya usimamizi wa Marekani
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Baada ya majadiliano marefu Kuba ilipata uhuru wake kuanzia mwaka 1902 lakini ilipaswa kukubali mkataba uliotunza haki ya Marekani kungilia kati mambo ya ndani na kuipa Marekani eneo kwa kituo cha kijeshi.
Hadi mwaka 1934 Marekani iliingilia mara mbili na kupindua marais wawili wa Kuba, ama kwa kutuma jeshi lake au kwa kutumia wanajeshi wa Kuba. Eneo la Guantanamo Bay kusini mwa Kuba limebaki hadi leo kama kituo cha kijeshi cha Marekani.
Mkataba mpya kati ya Marekani na Kuba wa mwaka 1934 uliongeza haki za Kuba. Wakati huohuo uasi wa kijeshi ulimwingiza sajenti Fulgencio Batista kwenye uwanja wa siasa. Batista alijipandisha cheo hadi kanali akashika mamlaka yote ya kijeshi na kuteua marais waliotekeleza matakwa yake.
Mwaka 1940 alichaguliwa mwenyewe kuwa rais, akarudi 1952 kwa kugombea tena urais lakini, baada ya kuona angeshindwa, alipindua serikali kwa njia ya uasi wa kijeshi akasimamisha katiba na kuwa dikteta wa Kuba hadi mwaka 1959. Chini ya serikali ya Batista ulaji rushwa na athira ya kiuchumi ya makampuni ya Kimarekani viliongezwa. Ukali wa utawala na mauaji ya wapinzani wengi vilisababisha kutokea kwa vikundi vilivyokuwa tayari kupinga serikali ya dikteta kwa silaha.
Mapinduzi ya 1959
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tangu mwaka 1953 mwanasheria Fidel Castro alijaribu kukusanya wafuasi kwa mapinduzi akishambulia kituo cha kijeshi cha Moncada akakamatwa na kutupwa jela.
Mwaka 1955 wafungwa walisamehewa na Batista. Castro alianza tena kukusanya wafuasi waliobaki katika "Harakati ya 26 Julai" (MR-26-7). Maandamano ya upinzani yalifuatwa na polisi kukamata wanaharakati. Fidel Castor pamoja na nduguye Raul walikimbia Meksiko. Hapo alikutana na tabibu Mwargentina Che Guevara.
Mwaka 1956 Castro pamoja na Guevara na wafuasi 80 walivuka bahari kwa jahazi "Granma" wakajificha katika milima ya Sierra Madre. Kutoka huko walianza kushambulia vikosi vya jeshi la Batista. Polepole idadi ya wapiganaji waliojiunga nao iliongezeka na wanajeshi wa serikali mara nyingi walihamia upande wa Castro. Tarehe 1 Januari 1959 dikteta Batista alikimbia na kuondoka Kuba, vikosi wa wanamapinduzi waliingia Havana.
Baada ya mapinduzi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mwanzoni Castro alionekana kama msemaji mkuu wa mapinduzi akimtangaza mwanasheria Manuel Urrutia kama rais mpya. Fidel alichukua cheo cha waziri mkuu katika Februari 1959. Hapo mwanzoni serikali mpya ilikuwa muungano wa wapinzani wa udikteta na wanamgambo kutoka milimani. Uchaguzi wa vyama vingi ulitangazwa kama shabaha mojawapo ya kurudisha demokrasia. Katika miezi iliyofuata wanasiasa wenye mwelekeo wa kati waliondolewa polepole na Castro aliongeza idadi ya Wamarxisti katika vyeo vya juu.
Kuanzia 1960 na baada ya jaribio la Marekani kumpindua Castro huyu aliongeza mwelekeo wake wa kisoshalisti. Baada ya kupingwa na Marekani, Castro alitafuta ushirikiano na usaidizi kutoka Urusi wa kikomunisti.Castro alitangaza siasa ya kikomunisti akaendelea kutawala bila uchaguzi huru hadi alipojiuzulu mnamo Februari 2008 kwa sababu za afya. Baada yake aliongoza mdogo wake, Raul Castro, hadi mwaka 2018 Miguel Díaz-Canel alipochaguliwa kuwa rais wa nchi.
Watu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Wakazi wengi ni machotara. Vipimo vya DNA vimeonyesha kwamba Wazungu wameichangia 72%, Waafrika 20% na Waindio 8%.Lugha rasmi na ya kawaida ni Kihispania. Inafuata Krioli ya Haiti.
Upande wa dini, baada ya serikali kuipinga vikali kwa miaka mingi, bado 59% ni Wakristo, hasa wa Kanisa Katoliki.
Tazama pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ As shown on the obverse of the coins; see "this photo of a 1992 coin". Iliwekwa mnamo 2006-09-26. Note that the Spanish word "Patria" is better translated into English as homeland, rather than "fatherland" or "motherland".
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Albornoz, Sara Carrillo de (2006). "On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad". BMJ. 333: 464. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464. JSTOR 40700096.
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(help) - Alvarez, José (2001). "Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000". Cuba in Transition, Volume 11. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. ku. 305–322. ISBN 0-9649082-0-4. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Alvarez, José (2004). Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation (PDF). Gainesville, FL: Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
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(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Baklanoff, Eric N. (1998). "Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis". Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. ku. 260–272. ISBN 0-9649082-7-1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Chomsky, Aviva; Carr, Barry; Smorkaloff, Pamela Maria, whr. (2004). The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3197-1.
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(help) - Corbett, Ben (2002). This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives. Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3826-2.
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(help) - Crespo, Nicolás; Negrón Díaz, Santos (1997). "Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact". Cuba in Transition, Volume 7. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. ku. 150–161. ISBN 0-9649082-6-3. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
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: External link in
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Domínguez, Jorge I. (1978). Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-17925-7.
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(help) - Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-89325-2.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003). A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution (PDF). Coral Gables, FL: Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami. ISBN 978-1-932385-04-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2012.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Espino, María Dolores (2000). "Cuban Tourism During the Special Period". Cuba in Transition, Volume 10. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. ISBN 0-9649082-8-X. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
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: External link in
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Falk, Pamela S. (1988). "Washing and Havana". The Wilson Quarterly. 12 (5): 64–74. JSTOR 40257732.
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(help) - Feinsilver, Julie M. (1989). "Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism". Latin American Research Review. 24 (2): 1–34. JSTOR 2503679.
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(help) - Gebru Tareke (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14163-4.
- Gleijeses, Piero (1994). "'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965" (PDF). Diplomatic History. 18 (2): 207–237. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2013-01-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-17.
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suggested) (help) - Gleijeses, Piero (1996). "Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965". Journal of Latin American Studies. 28 (1): 159–195. doi:10.1017/s0022216x00012670. JSTOR 157991.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gleijeses, Piero (1997). "The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence". Journal of Latin American Studies. 29 (1): 45–88. doi:10.1017/s0022216x96004646. JSTOR 158071.
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: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gleijeses, Piero (2002). Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2647-8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gleijeses, Piero (2010). "Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980". In Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ku. 327–348. ISBN 978-0-521-83720-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gleijeses, Piero (2013). Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0968-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Gott, Richard (2004). Cuba: A New History. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10411-0.
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(help) - Horowitz, Irving Louis (1988). Cuban Communism. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. ISBN 0-88738-672-5.
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(help) - Luxenberg, Alan H. (1988). "Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets?". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 30 (1): 37–71. JSTOR 165789.
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(help) - Kolko, Gabriel (1994). Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914. New York, NY: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-191-8.
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(help) - McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-1216-1.
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(help) - Pedraza, Silvia (2007). Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86787-0.
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(help) - Pérez-López, Jorge F. (1996). "Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures". Cuba in Transition, Volume 6. Washington, DC: ASCE. ku. 124–144. ISBN 0-9649082-5-5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975). The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz. Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff & Noordhoff. ISBN 90-286-0069-8.
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(help) - Roberg, Jeffrey L.; Kuttruff, Alyson (2007). "Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure?". Human Rights Quarterly. 29 (3): 779–795. doi:10.1353/hrq.2007.0033. JSTOR 20072822.
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(help) - Roy, Joaquín (2000). Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. ISBN 978-0-8130-1760-0.
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(help) - Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899. Dulles, VA: Brassey's. ISBN 978-1-57488-449-4.
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(help) - Scott, Rebecca J. (2000) [1985]. Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-5735-5.
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(help) - Smith, Wayne S. (1996). "Cuba's Long Reform". Foreign Affairs. 75 (2): 99–112. JSTOR 20047491.
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(help) - Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (1998). "Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba". Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. ku. 247–259. ISBN 0-9649082-7-1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-09-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Machi 2013.
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sweig, Julia E. (2004) [2002]. Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground (tol. la New). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01612-5.
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(help) - Thomas, Hugh (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-81063-8.
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(help) - Thomas, Hugh (1998) [1971]. Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom (tol. la updated). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80827-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Westad, Odd Arne (2012). Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-1-84792-197-0.
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(help) - Whiteford, Linda M.; Branch, Laurence G. (2008). Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5994-3.
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(help) - Wright, Irene Aloha (1916). The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
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Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Official site of the Government of Cuba Archived 29 Machi 2018 at the Wayback Machine. (Kihispania)
- Cuba Archived 30 Agosti 2008 at the Wayback Machine. from University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Cuba entry at The World Factbook
- Key Development Forecasts for Cuba from International Futures
- Wikimedia Atlas of Cuba
Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Bahari ya Karibi bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Kuba kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |