Mapinduzi
Mandhari
Mapinduzi (kutoka kitenzi "kupindua" juu chini) ni mabadiliko ya haraka upande wa siasa na miundo yanayotokana na shinikizo la wananchi, linalotumia mara nyingi nguvu.
Katika historia ya binadamu mapinduzi yalitokea mara nyingi kwa sababu, mbinu, muda na malengo mbalimbali.
Hayo yalifuatwa na athari kubwa juu ya utamaduni na uchumi wa jamii husika.
Pengine mabadiliko hayo ya mwisho pia yanaitwa mapinduzi hata yasiposababisha serikali ianguke.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present, ed. by Immanuel Ness, Malden, MA [etc.]: Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-8464-7
- Perreau-Sausine, Emile, Les libéraux face aux révolutions : 1688, 1789, 1917, 1933, Commentaire, Spring 2005, pp. 181–193
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Interface journal special issue on "Crises, social movements and revolutionary transformations" Ilihifadhiwa 25 Mei 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Daemon.be, Revolution in Political Risk Management
- John Kekes, City-Journal.org Why Robespierre Chose Terror. The lessons of the first totalitarian revolution Ilihifadhiwa 3 Januari 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine., City Journal, Spring 2006.
- Plinio Correa de Oliveira, TFP.org Ilihifadhiwa 27 Machi 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine., Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Foundation for a Christian, Third edition, 1993. ISBN 1-877905-27-5
- Michael Barken, ZMAG.org Ilihifadhiwa 25 Februari 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine., Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy, 1 November 2006.
- Polyarchy.org, Polyarchy Documents: Revolution
- DailyEvergreen.com, Vive la Révolution!: Revolution is an Indelible Phenomenon Throughout History by Qasim Hussaini
- Hannah Arendt, IEP.UTM.edu, On Revolution, 1963, Penguin Classics, New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 0-14-018421-X
- Ernest Mandel, "The Marxist Case for Revolution Today", 1989
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