Mlima Kenya : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Pitio la 08:25, 1 Septemba 2018

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Mlima Kenya ndio mrefu kuliko yote nchini Kenya. Mlima huu, ambao wenyeji waliuita Kirinyaga, una urefu wa mita 5,199. Mlima huu unatokana na volkeno iliyozimika ikikadiriwa ya kwamba mlipuko wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka milioni 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita.

Vilele vyake vya juu vinaitwa Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985). Kuna barafuto nane mlimani lakini zinapungua kila mwaka kutokana na kupanda kwa halijoto duniani na kupungua kwa usimbishaji kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa miti mingi.

Mlima Kenya ni stratovolcano umba miaka takriban milioni 3 baada ya ufunguzi wa ufa wa Afrika Mashariki .^[2] Ilikuwa na barafu kwa maelfu ya miaka. Hii imesababisha mmomonyoko mkubwa sana mteremko ^[3] na mabonde mengi kutoka kituo hicho.^[4] Sasa kuna barafuto dogo 11. Mlima ni chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa Kenya.^[5]

Habari zake zilitolewa Ulaya mwaka 1849 na Ludwig Krapf,^[6] lakini jamii ya wanasayansi walibaki na wasiwasi kuhusu ripoti yake ya theluji na barafu karibu hivi na ikweta.^[7] Uwepo wa Mlima Kenya ulithibitishwa mwaka 1883 na 1887.^[8] Ulipandwa na timu iliyoongozwa na Halford Yohana Mackinder katika 1899.^[9] Leo kuna watu wengi kutembea mlimani.^[10]

Kuna aina tofauti za mimea na wanyama.^[11] Mteremko hufunikwa na aina tofauti ya misitu. Spishi nyingi ni wenyeji kama vile lobelias, senecio na mwamba hyrax.^[12] Kwa sababu hii, eneo la km2 715 kuzunguka kituo cha mlima ni hifadhi ya taifa ^[13] na kuorodheshwa na UNESCO kama urithi wa dunia mwaka 1997.^[14] Hifadhi inapokea wageni juu ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.^[5]

Historia

Ugunduzi wa Wazungu

Joseph Thomson kufika chini ya Mlima Kenya na kuthibitisha ugunduzi wa Krapf.

Mlima Kenya ulikuwa kati ya vilele vya juu vya Afrika kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza kwa wapelelezi kutoka Ulaya. Wa kwanza kuuona alikuwa Johann Ludwig Krapf, mmisionari Mjerumani^[15], tarehe 3 Desemba 1849^[6], kutoka Kitui, mji ulioko km 160 mbali kutoka mlima ^[1], baada ya ugunduzi wa mlima Kilimanjaro.

Krapf aliambiwa na watu wa kabila la Waembu kwamba waliishi kuzunguka mlima na kwamba hawakuwa wamepaa juu kwa sababu ya baridi na theluji.^[15] Wakikuyu walithibitisha haya yametukia.

Samuel Teleki Mzungu wa kwanza kuweka mguu juu ya Mlima Kenya.

Krapf pia alibainisha kwamba mito inapita kutoka Mlima Kenya, na mingine katika eneo la milima, ilikuwa daima inapita. Hii ilikuwa tofauti sana na mingine katika eneo, ambayo ilikauka baada ya msimu wa mvua kumalizika. Akajua kuwa lazima kuna chanzo cha maji mlimani, katika umbo la barafuto.^[15] Aliamini ni chanzo cha White Nile.^[16]

Mwaka 1851 Krapf akarudi Kitui. Yeye alisafiri kilometre 65 (mi 40) karibu na mlima, lakini hakuweza kuuona tena. Mwaka 1877 Hildebrandt alikuwa katika eneo la Kitui na kusikia juu ya mlima, lakini pia hakuweza kuuona, hivyo watu walianza kumtuhumu Krapf.^[7]

Hatimaye, mwaka 1883, Yusufu Thomson alipita upande wa magharibi wa mlima na Krapf alithibitisha madai yake.^[17] Hata hivyo, utafutaji Ulaya kweli kwanza ya mlima mara 1887 kwa mafanikio katika Count Samuel Teleki na Ludwig von Höhnel. Yeye imeweza kuwafikia metre 4 350 (ft 14 270) kwenye mteremko wa kusini magharibi.^[8] Expedition hii waliamini walikuwa akamkuta volkeno ya vilkano.

Mwaka 1892, Teleki na von Höhnel walirudi upande wa mashariki, lakini hawakuweza kupata kupitia msitu.^[12]

Hatimaye, mwaka 1893 timu ilisafiri kutoka pwani ya Ziwa Baringo katika Bonde la Ufa, ikiongozwa na Yohana W. Gregory, mwanajiolojia Mwingereza. Wao kusimamiwa kupaa mlimani kuzunguka metre 4 730 (ft 15 520) na alitumia masaa kadhaa juu ya Lewis Glacier mwongozo wao. Aliporudi Uingereza, Gregory alichapishwa majarida na hadithi ya mafanikio yake.^[18]

George Kolb, daktari Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 ^[18] na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika moorlands upande wa mashariki ya mlima. Hata hivyo, mbali zaidi kupatikana mara baada ya utafutaji 1899 wakati reli kukamilika mbali kama tovuti ya Nairobi.^[18] Upatikanaji mlima alikuwa mbali kutoka hapa rahisi kuliko kutoka Mombasa juu ya pwani.^[9]

Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,^[9] Halford Yohana Mackinder aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka Ulaya, 66 kutoka Uswahilini, Wamaasai 2 na Wakikuyu 96.^[9] Walikutana na matatizo mengi njiani.^[9] Mackinder alisukuma juu mlimani, na kuanzisha kambi saa metre 3 142 (ft 10 310) ^[9] katika Höhnel Valley. Alifanya jaribio yake ya kwanza kwenye kilele tarehe 30 Agosti kwa Brocherel up Ollier na kusini mashariki uso, lakini walikuwa na mafungo walipokuwa ndani metre 100 (yd 110) wa mkutano wa Nelion kutokana na alasiri.

Tarehe 5 Septemba, Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe 11 Septemba Ollier na Brocherel walifanya ujio wa Darwin Glacier, lakini walilazimishwa mafungo kutokana na blizzard.^[9]

Wakati Saunders akarudi kutoka Naivasha na unafuu wa chama hicho, alikuwa Mackinder jaribio jingine katika mkutano na Ollier na Brocherel. Wao traversed ya Lewis Glacier na kusini mashariki ziliongezeka uso wa Nelion. Walitumia usiku karibu gendarme, na traversed ya snowfield kichwani ya Darwin Glacier saa alfajiri kabla ya kukatwa hatua hadi Diamond Glacier. Wao walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na alishuka kwa njia ileile.^[9]

1900-1930

Baada ya ujio wa kwanza wa Mt Kenya kulikuwa EXPEDITIONS wachache huko kwa muda. Wengi wa utafutaji mpaka baada ya Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia ilikuwa na settler s nchini Kenya, ambao walikuwa siyo kisayansi EXPEDITIONS. A utume wa Kanisa la Scotland ilianzishwa mwaka Chogoria, na wamisionari Scottish kadhaa kupanda kwa peaks, pamoja LJ Dr JW Arthur, G. Dennis na AR Barlow. Kuna wengine walikuwa ascents, lakini hakuna kufanikiwa katika summitting Batian au Nelion.^[18]

Mbinu mpya ya njia walikuwa akalipa kupitia misitu, ambayo kufikia eneo peaks mbali rahisi. Mwaka 1920, na Sir Arthur Fowell Buxton alijaribu kukata en route katika kutoka kusini, na njia nyingine walikuja kutoka Nanyuki katika kaskazini, lakini kwa kawaida hutumiwa mara nyingi njia kutoka Chogoria utume katika mashariki, kujengwa na Ernest Carr. Carr credited pia ni pamoja na kujenga Urumandi na Juu HUTS.^[18]

Tarehe 6 Januari 1929 ya kwanza ya ujio wa Nelion lilifanywa na Percy Wyn-Harris na Eric Shipton. Wao ziliongezeka ya Normal Route, basi, alishuka na Gate ya UKUNGU kabla wakipanda Batian. Juu ya 8 Januari wao reascended, wakati huu kwa GA Sommerfelt, na katika Shipton alifanya mwingine Desemba kupaa kwa REG Russell. Wao pia alifanya ujio wa kwanza Point Yohana. Katika mwaka huu Mountain Club ya Afrika Mashariki iliundwa.^[18]

Mwishoni mwa Julai 1930, Shipton na Bill Tilman alifanya traverse kwanza ya peaks. Wao kupanda kwa Ridge ya Batian Magharibi, mlango wa traversed UKUNGU kwa Nelion, na alishuka ya Normal Route. Katika safari hii, Shipton na Tilman alifanya ascents kwanza peaks nyingine kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja Point Petro, Point Dutton, Midget Peak, Point Pigott na aidha Terere au Sendeyo.^[19]

1931 hadi leo

1930s mapema katika ziara kulikuwa na moorlands kuzunguka Mlima Kenya, pamoja na wachache mbali kama peaks. Raymond Hook na Humphrey Slade ramani ya kupanda mlima, na kujaa kadhaa ya vijito na trout. By 1938 kuna amekuwa ascents kadhaa zaidi ya Nelion. Februari Miss C Carol na Mtu Muthara akawa mwanamke wa kwanza na Afrika n mtiririko kupaa Nelion, katika Expedition na Noel Symington, mwandishi wa The Night Climbers wa Cambridge, na tarehe 5 Machi Miss Una Cameron akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kupaa Batian.^[18]

Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia kulikuwa tone mwingine katika ascents wa mlima. Pengine wengi mashuhuri wa kipindi hiki ni ile ya tatu Kiitaliano Wafungwa wa Vita, ambao walikuwa utakaofanyika katika Nanyuki, na kutoroka kupanda mlima kabla ya kurejea kambini na "kukimbia" back in Hakuna picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya anaelezea hadithi ya wafungwa 'kunyonya.^[20]

Mwaka wa 1949 Mlima Club ya Kenya kupasuliwa kutoka Mlima Club ya Afrika Mashariki, na eneo juu metre 3 400 (ft 11 150) alikuwa mteule wa National Park.^[18] A barabara ilijengwa kutoka Naro Moru kwa kuruhusu moorlands rahisi kufikia.

Routes walikuwa wengi wapya ziliongezeka tarehe Batian na Nelion katika miongo mitatu ijayo, na katika Oktoba 1959 Mlima Club ya Kenya zinazozalishwa yao ya kwanza ya mwongozo wa Mlima Kenya na Kilimanjaro.^[19] Tarehe ya uhuru wa Kenya mwaka 1963 Kisoi Munayo alimfufua bendera ya Kenya katika juu ya mlima. Yeye alikufa mwaka 2007 na alipewa heroic walihudhuria mazishi na rais wa Kenya Mwai Kibaki ^[21] Katika miaka ya 1970 mlima Kenya National Park Mountain Rescue Team iliundwa, na mwisho wa miaka ya 1970 kila njia kuu ya peaks amekuwa ziliongezeka.^[19]

Mwaka 1997 mlima Kenya ulikuwa mteule wa UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[14]

Mnamo 19 Julai 2003, Afrika Kusini registered ndege, kubeba abiria 12 na ndege mbili, kugonga Mount Kenya saa Point Lenana: hakuna alinusurika.^[22]^[23] Hii haikuwa ndege ya kwanza waliopotea mlimani; pia kuna wreckage angalau helikopta moja kwamba kugonga kabla ya 1972.^[24]

Mount Kenya National Park

Makala kuu: Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya

Mount Kenya National Park, iliyoanzishwa katika 1949, hulinda kanda yanayozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa hifadhi ya misitu.^[25] Tangu Aprili 1978 eneo limeteuliwa kama UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.^[26]

Serikali ya Kenya ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa juu kuzunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa utalii kwa uchumi wa ndani na wa nje, kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi viumbe hai ndani yake, na kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vinavyozunguka eneo.^[5]

Utamaduni

Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni Wakikuyu, Wameru, Waembu na Wamaasai. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha tamaduni zao.

Wakikuyu

Wakikuyu wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.^[12]^[27] Wao ni wakulima na kufanya matumizi ya udongo wenye rutuba ya volkeno kwenye mteremko chini. Wakikuyu waamini kwamba Mungu wao, Ngai aliishi juu ya Mlima Kenya alipo ulioshuka kutoka mbinguni.^[28] Wao wanaamini kuwa mlima ni kiti cha enzi cha Ngai duniani. Ni mahali ambapo Kikuyu, baba wa kabila, alitumia kukutana na Mungu wao, Ngai.^[28] Walitumia kujenga nyumba zao na milango yanayowakabili mlima.^[29] Jina kwa ajili ya Kikuyu Mlima Kenya ni kiri Nyaga (Kirinyaga), ambayo literally hutafsiriwa kwa 'mwangaza mlima'. Jina la Mungu katika Kikuyu Mwene Nyaga pia ni maana ya 'mmiliki wa ostriches'. Ni construed pia inaweza kumaanisha 'mwenye nuru / mwangaza' katika mwanga akimaanisha speglas kutoka glaciers nyeupe juu ya mlima.

Waembu

Waembu wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,^[12] na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, Ngai au Mwene Njeru. Mlima ni takatifu, na wao kujenga nyumba zao na milango yanayowakabili kuelekea hiyo.^[29] Jina kwa ajili ya Embu Mlima Kenya ni kiri Njeru, ambayo ina maana ya mlima wa whiteness.^[18]^[19]^[29] Embu watu wa karibu kuhusiana na Kamba ya Mbeere watu. Wao ni walowezi wa windward upande wa mlima. Hii ni nusu rocky eneo kavu.

Wamasai

Wamasai ni wahamaji ambao kutumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlimani kuchunga mifugo yao. Wao wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.^[29] Jina La Mlima Kenya kwa Kimasai ni Ol Donyo Keri, ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.^[30] Angalau moja sala Wamaasai inahusu mlima wa Kenya:

God bless our children, let them be like the
olive tree of Morintat, let them grow and
expand, let them be like Ngong Hills like
Mt. Kenya, like Mt. Kilimanjaro and multiply in number.

—Collected by Francis Sakuda of Oloshoibor Peace Museum^[30]

Wameru

Wameru wako Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima wakishughulikia kilimo na mifugo katika sehemu iliyo miongoni mwa nchi yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa Kimeru ni Kirimara (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).^[31]

Makabila mengine

Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wa watu hawa hawajawahi uzoefu wa baridi, au kuonekana theluji na barafu kabla. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.

Another trait of the Zanzibari character was shown at the same camp. In the morning the men came to tell me that the water they had left in the cooking-pots was all bewitched. They said it was white, and would not shake; the adventurous Fundi had even hit it with a stick, which would not go in. They begged me to look at it, and I told them to bring it to me. They declined, however, to touch it, and implored me to go to it. The water of course had frozen solid. I put one of the pots on the fire, and predicted that it would soon turn again into water. The men sat round and anxiously watched it; when it had melted they joyfully told me that the demon was expelled, and I told them they could now use this water; but as soon as my back was turned they poured it away, and refilled their pots from an adjoining brook.

—J W Gregory, The Great Rift Valley^[7]

Mackinder's Expedition wa 1899 alikutana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la Wadorobo.^[12]

Jiolojia

Mount Kenya ilikuwa stratovolcano na pengine na hii inaonekana sawa mbele ya glaciations. Mteremko chini bado ni sura hii, ambayo ni jinsi inakadiriwa urefu uliopita.

Mlima Kenya ni stratovolcano kwamba alikuwa hai katika Plio-Pleistocene. Crater ya awali ilikuwa pengine juu metre 6 000 (ft 19 700) high; juu kuliko Kilimanjaro. Tangu ile haiko ikawa kumekuwa kuu mbili vipindi glaciation, ambazo umeonyesha kuu mbili pete ya moraine s chini ya glaciers. Moraine chini hupatikana karibu metre 3 300 (ft 10 800) ^[32] Leo hakuna glaciers kufikia chini kuliko metre 4 650 (ft 15 260) ^[10] Baada ya kusoma moraines, Gregory kuweka mbele nadharia kwamba wakati mmoja kilele nzima mara ya mlima imefunikwa na barafu cap an, na ilikuwa hii eroded ya peaks jinsi wao ni leo.^[3]

Chini mteremko wa mlima hawajawahi glaciated. Wao ni sasa hasa inalimwa na misitu. Wao wanajulikana kwa mwinuko-SIDED V-umbo mabonde na tributaries wengi. Juu mlimani, katika eneo ambalo sasa moorland, mabonde kuwa U-umbo na shallower na flatter bottoms. Hawa walikuwa umba glaciation.^[32]

Wakati Mt Kenya ilikuwa aktiv kulikuwa baadhi satellite shughuli. Kaskazini-mashariki kando ya mlima ina volkeno nyingi Plugs na umri craters. Kubwa zaidi ya hawa, Ithanguni, hata alikuwa cap barafu yake mwenyewe wakati omfattades peaks kuu katika barafu. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa Smoothed mkutano wa kilele. Mviringo na mwinuko wa milima pande pia mara kwa mara katika eneo hili, ambazo pengine inabakia plugged ndogo vent s. Hata hivyo, kama mlima iliyobaki ni mellan symmetrical, wengi wa shughuli lazima lilitendeka katika kuziba kuu.^[32]

Miamba kwamba fomu Mt Kenya ni hasa basalt s, rhomb porphyrites, phonolites, kenyte s na trachyte s.^[32] Kenyte mara ya kwanza ilivyoripotiwa 1900 zifuatazo Gregory katika utafiti wake wa geologi wa Mlima Kenya.^[33]

The geologi wa eneo la Mlima Kenya kwa mara ya kwanza kufikiriwa na Joseph Thomson mwaka 1883. Aliona mlima kutoka Laikipia Plateau jirani na aliandika kwamba ilikuwa ni ile haiko vilkano na kuziba wazi.^[17] Hata hivyo, kama alivyokuwa amemwona mlima tu mbali maelezo yake haikuwa sana waliamini, hasa baada ya 1887 wakati Teleki na von Höhnel kupanda mlima na ilivyoelezwa wanayo kufikiriwa kuwa volkeno.^[7] Mwaka 1893 Gregory's Expedition fika Lewis Glacier saa metre 5 000 (ft 16 400) Yeye alithibitisha kwamba vilkano mara ile haiko na kwamba kulikuwa glaciers sasa.^[7]^[33] Utafiti grundlig ya kwanza hakuwa kuratibiwa hadi 1966.^[32]

Vilele

The peaks wa Mlima Kenya ni karibu wote kutoka volkeno asili. Wengi wa peaks ziko karibu na kituo cha mlima. Hawa wana Alpine peaks kuonekana kutokana na maumbile yao craggy. Kawaida ya Alpine Mandhari, juu gendarme s peaks na kutokea katika intersection ya ridges.^[4] Peaks kuu machache tu moss es, lichen s Alpine wadogo na mimea kukua katika mwamba crevices.^[12] Zaidi mbali peaks kuu, ya volkeno Plugs ni volkeno kufunikwa katika majivu na mchanga.^[34] Mimea kukua peaks hizi ni mfano kwa mimea bendi wao ni ndani

Juu peaks ni Batian metre 5 199 (ft 17 057) Nelion metre 5 188 (ft 17 021) na Pt Lenana metre 4 985 (ft 16 355) Batian na Nelion tu metre 250 (yd 270) mbali lakini waliojitenga na Gates wa Mist pengo, ambayo ni sawa kirefu.^[10] Coryndon Peak metre 4 960 (ft 16 273) ni kubwa ijayo, lakini tofauti na zamani haina peaks fomu sehemu ya kuziba kuu.^[4]

Other peaks kote kuu ni pamoja na kuziba Pt Piggot metre 4 957 (ft 16 263) Pt Dutton metre 4 885 (ft 16 027) Pt Yohana metre 4 883 (ft 16 020) Pt Yohana Ndogo metre 4 875 (ft 15 994) Krapf Rognon metre 4 800 (ft 15 748) Pt Petro metre 4 757 (ft 15 607) Pt Slade metre 4 750 (ft 15 584) na Midget Peak metre 4 700 (ft 15 420) Wote hao wana pyramidal mwinuko fomu.^[10]^[4]

Adhimu craggy outlying peaks pamoja Terere metre 4 714 (ft 15 466) na Sendeyo metre 4 704 (ft 15 433) ambayo kuunda jozi ya mapacha peaks kaskazini ya kuziba kuu. Pamoja, wao fomu vimelea kubwa kuziba. Mengine mashuhuri ni pamoja peaks Hat metre 4 639 (ft 15 220) Delamere Peak, Macmillan Aina na Rotundu.^[10]

Batian juu ya kushoto, Nelion juu ya haki, na Slade katika foreground
Lenana, kilele cha juu zaidi ya tatu, ni kupanda zaidi.
Krapf Rognon ([157]) na Krapf Glacier
Midget kilele inaweza ziliongezeka katika siku. [158]
Terere na Sendeyo mbili craggy outlying peaks
Mugi kilima na Giant's billards Jedwali inatoa baadhi ya hillwalking bora nchini Kenya. [159]

Barafuto

The Glacier s juu ya Mlima Kenya ni retreating haraka. Mlima Club ya Kenya Nairobi ina kuonyesha picha mlima wakati ziliongezeka mara ya kwanza mwaka 1899, na tena hivi karibuni zaidi, na mafungo ya glaciers ni dhahiri sana.^[35]^[36] Maelezo ya ascents kadhaa ya peaks ushauri juu ya matumizi ya crampons, lakini sasa hakuna barafu kwa kupatikana. Hakuna theluji mpya kuweza kupatikana, hata juu ya Lewis Glacier (mkubwa wao) katika majira ya baridi, hivyo hakuna barafu mpya itakuwa sumu. Ni ametabiri kuwa chini ya miaka 30 kabla kutakuwa tena kuwa barafu juu ya Mlima Kenya.^[29]. Glacial mafungo na upotevu inaweza kuwa unasababishwa na mwelekeo wa mabadiliko ya joto, au kwa mabadiliko katika mwenendo Usimbishaji.^[37]

Majina ya Glacier (clockwise kutoka kaskazini):

Northey, Krapf, Gregory, Lewis, Diamond, Darwin, Forel, Heim, Tyndall, Cesar, Josef.

Eneo la mlimani glaciers kupimwa mara katika miaka ya 1980, na kumbukumbu kama kuhusu square kilometre 0.7 (sq mi 0.27) ^[38] Hii ni mbali kidogo kuliko uchunguzi wa kwanza, alifanya katika 1890s.

Periglacial landforms

Ingawa Mlima Kenya ni juu ya ikweta joto ya kufungia nightly kusababisha periglacial landforms. Kuna sentimita chache permafrost (inches) chini ya uso. Patterned ardhini ni leo saa metre 3 400 (ft 11 155) magharibi ya Mugi Hill.^[10]^[4] Mounds hizi kukua kwa sababu ya unaorudiwa thawing frysning na kuchora ya ardhi zaidi katika maji. Kuna blockfields sasa kuzunguka metre 4 000 (ft 13 123) ambapo ardhini has cracked kuunda hexagons. Solifluction hutokea wakati usiku joto frysa udongo kabla thaws tena katika asubuhi. Hii kila siku na upanuzi wa udongo Contraction kuzuia uanzishwaji wa mimea.^[18]

Mito

Mlima Kenya ni eneo kuu vyanzo vya maji ya mito miwili mikubwa nchini Kenya; ya Tana, mto mkubwa nchini Kenya, na Ewaso Ng'iso Kaskazini.^[5] Mlima Kenya mazingira hutoa maji moja kwa moja kwa zaidi ya watu milioni 2.^[5] Mito juu ya Mlima Kenya wamekuwa aitwaye baada ya vijiji kwenye mteremko wa mlima kuwa karibu kati yake. The Thuchi mto ni mpaka kati ya wilaya ya Meru na Embu. Mlima Kenya ni mnara mkubwa wa maji kwa mto Tana ambayo mwaka 1988 levereras 80% ya Kenya's umeme kwa kutumia mlolongo wa saba hydroelectric powerstations na mabwawa.^[39]

The wiani wa vijito ni juu sana, hasa kwenye mteremko chini ambao hawajawahi glaciated. The ice cap ambayo hutumiwa kufunika mlima wa Pliocene ya eroded U-umbo kubwa mabonde ambayo huvaa moja kubwa tu mkondo.^[4] Ambapo awali sura ya uso vilkano bado ni kulinda, kumekuwa na mamilioni ya miaka kwa vijito na erode ya kilima. Eneo hili ni sifa hiyo mara kwa mara kirefu fluvial V-umbo mabonde.^[40]

The gradvis mpito kutoka bonde glaciated kwa fluvial inaweza wazi aliona.^[41]

Mito ambayo kuanza juu ya Mlima Kenya ni kubwa mbili tributaries Kenya mito ya Tana na Ewaso Ng'iro mito. A lot of Mount Kenya mito kati yake ndani ya Sagana ambayo yenyewe ni ya tributary Tana, ambayo ni lawama katika Reservoir Masinga. Mito katika sehemu ya kaskazini ya mlima, kama vile Burguret, Naro Moro, Nanyuki, Liki, Sirimon kati yake ndani ya Ewaso Ng'iro. Ya mito kwa kusini-magharibi, kama vile Keringa na Nairobi kati yake ndani ya Sagana na kisha ndani ya Tana. Mito iliyobaki ya kusini na mashariki, kama vile Mutonga, Nithi, Thuchi na Nyamindi, kati yake moja kwa moja ndani ya Tana.^[40]^[41]

Ecology

Mlima Kenya ina maeneo kadhaa ya kiikolojia tofauti, kati ya savanna yanayozunguka mlima kwa nival eneo kwa glaciers. Kila eneo lina dominerande aina ya mimea. Wengi wa miti hupatikana juu mlimani ni endemic, aidha Mlima Kenya au Afrika Mashariki, na ni maalum sana.^[12]

Pia kuna tofauti kati ya kanda, kutegemea upande wa mlima na kipengele cha slope. Kusini-mashariki ni mengi kuliko wetter kaskazini,^[38] hivyo wanategemea miti zaidi unyevu kuweza kukua. Baadhi ya aina kama mianzi, ni mdogo kwa baadhi ya vipengele vya mlima kwa sababu ya kiasi cha unyevu.^[10]

Zones

Hali ya hewa ya Mount Kenya mabadiliko betydligt yenye urefu. Kuzunguka wigo wa mlima ni rutuba ya mashamba. Makabila wanaoishi kuzunguka mlima kuwa inalimwa hili eneo cool relativt unyevu kwa karne ^[42]

Mlima Kenya ni nimezungukwa na misitu. Mimea katika misitu wanategemea mvua, na aina tofauti sana sasa kati ya kaskazini na kusini mwa mteremko.^[6] Muda kama amepita miti tarehe makali ya watumiaji wa misitu wamekuwa na mashamba ina zaidi up encroached rutuba ya mteremko wa mlima.^[42]

Juu ya misitu ni ukanda wa mianzi. Eneo hili ni karibu inaendelea, lakini hawawezi kukua katika kaskazini kwa sababu hakuna mvua za kutosha. Ya mianzi ni kawaida kabisa,^[18] na kuzuia wanyama wengi kutoka hai zaidi juu ya mlima. Tracks ni ya kawaida kwa njia ya mianzi. Wao ni kubwa zilizofanywa na wanyama kama tembo na buffalo walipo kupambana na njia zao juu zaidi. Wao hawatumii muda mrefu ndani ya mianzi, kama ni wote ila kwa zabuni inedible akamtandika mpya. Mianzi suppresses mimea mingine, kwa hivyo ni kupata uncommon miti au mimea mingine hapa.^[10]

Juu ya mianzi ni timberline misitu. Miti hapa mara nyingi ni ndogo kuliko miti katika misitu ya chini chini ya mlima.^[43]

Wakati miti hawawezi tena mimea kukua mabadiliko ndani heathland na chaparral. Heathland hupatikana katika maeneo wetter, upande wa magharibi wa Mlima Kenya, na ni inaongozwa na giant heathers. Chaparral hupatikana katika maeneo na sehemu kame nyasi ni zaidi ya kawaida.^[18] Ardhini hapa ni waterlogged mara nyingi, lakini bado kijiti moto mara kwa mara.^[42]

Kama urefu huongeza joto Fluktuationer kuwa uliokithiri na hewa inakuwa wakondefu na sehemu kame. Kanda hii inajulikana kama Afro-Alpine zone. Mazingira hapa ni isolerade sana, kwa eneo karibu sawa tu kuwa Aberdares, ambayo ni kilometre 80 (mi 50) mbali ^[12] Wengi wa miti hapa ni endemic, pamoja anpassning fluctuating ya baridi na joto.^[44] Typical mimea hapa ni pamoja giant groundsels (senecios) na giant lobelias.^[12]

Kanda ambapo hivi karibuni glaciers ni retreated kutoka nival zone. Ni eneo ambalo mimea bado kunnat colonise. Juu ya Mlima Kenya ukanda huu si endelevu kama glaciers tena kuendelea.^[12]

Flora

The flora found on Mount Kenya inatofautiana yenye urefu, kipengele na mfiduo, lakini kidogo sana na majira.^[45] Chini chini ya mlima wa hewa ina unyevu zaidi na oksijeni, na joto ni ya joto mwaka wote. Huongezeka kama urefu, mimea kuwa specialiserade zaidi, pamoja na anpassningar kwa nguvu solljus, kidogo kufungia usiku oksijeni na joto.^[18]^[43]

Mimea katika eneo Afro-Alpine nimeushinda matatizo haya katika njia kadhaa. Marekebisho ni moja inayojulikana kama giant rosette, ambayo ni kubwa exhibited by senecio, lobelia na giant thistle (Carduus). Mimea na wataalamu hawa njia ya kubakiza maji katika kavu hewa, vilevile kuzuia maji kufungia usiku kucha.^[44] Wao pia kutumia majani au nywele wafu kulinda kutoka frysning buds zao. Marekebisho mwingine ni ua samtidigt. Mimea katika joto wala baridi kukua kwa kasi, hivyo ni vigumu ua kila mwaka. By synchronising yao wao maua kuongeza nafasi yao ya mbelewele.^[46]

Wengi mimea katika Afro-Alpine eneo la Mlima Kenya zinaelekea kuwa kubwa. Hii ni kukabiliana dhidi ya baridi. Hata hivyo, karibu na eneo nival mimea upungufu katika kawaida tena, kama kuna rasilimali za kutosha, pamoja na joto, kuwaruhusu kukua yoyote kubwa ^[12]

Fauna

Wengi wa wanyama kuishi chini chini kwenye mteremko wa mlima Kenya. Hapa kuna mimea zaidi na hali ya hewa ni chini uliokithiri. Aina mbalimbali ya monkeys, antelopes kadhaa, mti hyrax, na baadhi kubwa porcupines wanyama kama tembo na buffalo wote wanaishi katika misitu.^[10] Predator kupatikana hapa ni pamoja na fisi na chui, na mara chache simba ^[10]

Hakuna wanyama kuishi kudumu katika eneo mianzi, ingawa ni msalaba kadhaa kupata kanda juu ya mlima.^[12]

Kuna mamalia wachache kupatikana ukanda wa juu juu ya Mlima Kenya. Mlima Kenya hyrax na duiker kawaida wanaweza kuishi hapa, na ni muhimu sana kwa mazingira. Baadhi ya mamalia wadogo, kama vile Groove-toothed panya, anaweza kuishi hapa kwa burrowing ndani ya giant senecios na kutumia shina nene zao waliokufa majani kama isolera.^[12] Mamalia kubwa chache kutembelea mara kwa mara hizi muinuko. Chui mara nyingine skeletons found saa urefu, na nyingine ni sightings kukumbukwa katika majina kama Simba Tarn (Simba ina maana simba katika Kiswahili). ^[18] Hata hivyo, kuna mawindo kutosha kuruhusu wanyama hawa kuishi hapa permanent.

Ndege ni ya kawaida zaidi kuliko mamalia katika Afro-Alpine eneo, pamoja na aina ya Sunbird wengi s, Alpine chat s na Starling s mkazi hapa kama vile baadhi ya wanyama wanaokula wenzao yao; ya auger buzzard, lammergeier na Verreaux tai. Ndege ni muhimu katika mazingira kama wao wengi pollinate mimea ^[45]

Hali ya hewa

Hali ya hewa ya Mount Kenya zimekuwa jukumu muhimu katika maendeleo ya mlima, kushawishi na ikolojia topography miongoni mwa mambo mengine. It has a typical ikweta mlima ial ambayo hali ya hewa baridi Hedberg hufafanuliwa kama kila usiku na majira kila siku. ^[47] Mlima Kenya ni nyumbani kwa mmoja wa Global anga Watch 's anga ufuatiliaji wa vituo.^[48]

Majira

Mwaka imegawanywa katika msimu wet mbili tofauti na mbili tofauti s kiangazi s ambayo kioo wet na kavu katika misimu ya Kenya n tambarare.^[49] Kama Mlima Kenya dryers urefu kutoka metre 1 374 (ft 4 508) na metre 5 199 (ft 17 057) ya hali ya hewa unatofautiana juu ya mlima na ina kanda mbalimbali ya ushawishi. Ya chini, kusini mashariki ni mteremko wettest kama mfumo wa hali ya hewa predominant huja kutoka bahari ya Hindi. Hii inasababisha dense sana misitu montane mteremko haya. Juu katika mlima wengi wa Usimbishaji falls kama theluji, lakini muhimu zaidi ni chanzo cha maji ya barafu.^[50] Buku, hizi vyanzo vya maji kulisha 11 glaciers.

Ya sasa ya hali ya hewa katika mlima Kenya ni wet, lakini sehemu kame kuliko imekuwa huko nyuma. Span ya joto anuwai, ambayo diminishes yenye urefu. Katika eneo chini Alpine wao hawaendi kawaida chini °C 12 (°F 54) ^[51] Theluji na mvua ni ya kawaida Machi hadi Desemba, lakini hasa katika misimu miwili wet. Misimu ya wet akaunti kwa pamoja 5 / 6 ya mwaka Usimbishaji. The Monsoon, ambayo udhibiti wa wet na misimu kavu, ina maana kwamba wengi wa mwaka kuna kusini-Easterly upepo, lakini wakati wa Januari na Februari mwelekeo wa upepo ni kubwa kaskazini-Easterly.

Mount Kenya, kama maeneo mengi katika nchi za hari, ana wet misimu miwili na misimu miwili kavu kama matokeo ya Monsoon. Kutoka katikati Machi-Juni mazito msimu wa mvua, unaojulikana kama mvua za muda mrefu, huleta takriban nusu ya mvua mlimani.^[42] Hii ni ikifuatiwa na wetter kavu ya misimu miwili ambayo unadumu hadi Septemba. Oktoba-Desemba ni wakati wa mvua fupi mlima inapokea takriban theluthi ya mvua wake jumla. Hatimaye kuanzia Desemba hadi katikati ya Machi ni kavu, kiangazi wakati mlima uzoefu mdogo mvua.

Mount Kenya straddles ikweta. Hii ina maana wakati wa majira ya kaskazini ulimwengu wa jua ni wa kaskazini wa mlima. Ya urefu na kipengele cha peaks kuu na maji na matokeo katika upande wa kaskazini wa mlima juu kuwa katika hali ya majira ya joto. Sambamba, upande wa kusini inakabiliwa na hali ya baridi. Mara ya kusini ni summer ulimwengu, hali reverses.^[18]

Ruwaza ya kila siku

Wakati wa kiangazi karibu mlima huo daima ifuatavyo ruwaza ya hewa kila siku. Fluktuationer joto kubwa kila siku ambao ulisababisha Hedberg kutokea kwa Exclaim baridi kila usiku na majira kila siku. ^[47] Kuna tofauti katika joto na kiwango cha chini siku hadi siku, lakini kiwango kupotoka mean Titans ya ruwaza ni ndogo.

A typical siku ni wazi na poza asubuhi na Asili humidity. Mlima ni mionzi ya jua ambayo husababisha kuongezeka kwa joto haraka na joto warmest zinazotokea baina ya 9 na 12. Hii zinahusiana na maxima katika shinikizo, kwa kawaida karibu 10. Asili mlimani, kati ya metre 2 400 (ft 7 874) na metre 3 900 (ft 12 795) mawingu kuanza fomu juu ya misitu ya ukanda wa magharibi, kutokana na unyevu hewani kutoka Ziwa Victoria. ^[39] Upepo wa anabatic unasababishwa na kuongezeka kwa hewa ya joto pole kuleta mawingu haya kanda katika mkutano huo mchana. 3 kote kuna minimum katika jua na upeo katika unyevunyevu kusababisha halisi na alijua joto kwa tone. Saa 4 kuna minimum katika shinikizo. Cover kila siku hii ya wingu hulinda glaciers upande wa kusini-magharibi ya mlima ambayo vinginevyo kupata jua moja kwa moja kila siku, kukuza viumbe vya asili vitaunguzwa yao.^[52] The upwelling wingu hatimaye itafikia Easterly hewa kavu dissipates vijito na kupelekea angani wazi na 5. Kuna mwingine maxima ya joto yanayohusiana na hayo.

Akiwa ni mlima Equatorial siku mwanga masaa ni saa kumi na daima kwa siku. Sunrise ni kuhusu 0530 kwa jua kuchwa ifikapo 1730. Juu ya kozi ya mwaka mmoja kuna tofauti kati ya dakika lägsta nivå na siku ndefu zaidi.^[53] Usiku, anga ni kawaida wazi na upepo unavuma katabatic chini mabonde. Juu ya chini kuna eneo Alpine kawaida barafu kila usiku.^[51]

Kupanda mlima

Njia za kupanda

Wengi wa peaks juu ya Mlima Kenya wamekuwa summited. Wengi wa hawa mwamba kuhusisha kupanda kama njia rahisi, ingawa baadhi tu ya uhitaji kinyang'anyiro au kutembea. Aina ya kiwango cha juu zaidi ambayo inaweza kupaa bila kupanda ni Point Lenana, metre 4 985 (ft 16 355) ^[18]^[19] Wengi wa wageni 15,000 Hifadhi ya Taifa kila mwaka kupanda kilele hii. Kwa kulinganisha, takriban watu 200 kilele Nelion na 50 kilele Batian, peaks kubwa mbili.^[29]

Batian ni kawaida ziliongezeka via North Face Standard Route, UIAA daraja IV +. Ni mara ya kwanza alipanda tarehe 31 Julai 1944 na Firmin na Hicks.^[54]^[55] Ya misafara ni kawaida ziliongezeka katika siku mbili. Route ni ya kawaida ziliongezeka zaidi route up Nelion. Ni mara ya kwanza kwa Shipton ziliongezeka na Wyn-Harris tarehe 6 Januari 1929.^[55]^[56] Inawezekana traverse kati ya wawili peaks, via Gates wa Mist, lakini hii inahusisha matumizi ya kawaida usiku katika kibanda Howell juu Nelion. Kuna kushuka bolted abseil route off Nelion.^[18]

Ya satellite peaks kuzunguka mlima pia kutoa climbs nzuri. Hizi zinaweza ziliongezeka katika Alpine inatofautiana katika mtindo na ugumu kutoka katika kinyang'anyiro ili kupanda daraja UIAA VI. Wao ni muhimu kwa acclimatisation kabla ya kupanda juu peaks na kama ascents katika haki zao wenyewe.^[18]

Kutembea njia

Kuna njia kutembea nane hadi peaks kuu. Clockwise mapya kutoka kaskazini hawa ni: Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon na Timau NJIA.^[10] Chogoria haya, Naro Moru na Sirimon na kutumika mara nyingi zaidi na hivyo kuwa na milango staffed. Zinahitaji njia nyingine ruhusa maalum kutoka Kenya Wildlife Service kutumia.^[29]^[57]

Chogoria misafara ya Chogoria inaongoza kutoka mji hadi mzunguko peaks njia. Ni vichwa kupitia msitu wa kusini-mashariki wa mlima na moorland, pamoja na maoni juu ya maeneo kama vile Ithanguni na Giant's Billiards Jedwali kabla kufuatia Valley Gorges zamani Hekalu na hadi Simba Kanali chini Point Lenana.^[10] Mlima Club ya Kenya madai kwamba Ithanguni na Giant's billards Jedwali kutoa baadhi ya hillwalking bora nchini Kenya.^[18]

Naro Moru ya misafara ni zilizochukuliwa na wengi ambao trekkers kujaribu kufikia Point Lenana. Inaweza kupanda katika siku 3 tu na ina bunkhouses katika kila kambi. Njia anaanza Naro Moru mji wa magharibi wa mlima na climbs kuelekea Mackinder's Camp juu ya Aina Circuit Njia.^[57] Ni kawaida ya Mandhari nzuri, ingawa sehemu moja inaitwa Vertical Bog.^[18]

Sirimon njia ya misafara ya Mlima Kenya kutoka kaskazini-magharibi.^[10] Splits njia ya moorlands, kwa mara nyingi zaidi uma kutumika kufuatia Mackinder Valley na quieter route traversing ndani ya Liki Valley Kaskazini.^[10] Ya mapito rejoin saa Shipton's pango tu chini Shipton's Camp juu ya Aina Circuit Njia.^[18]

Njia ya Aina Circuit ni njia kuu peaks kote, pamoja na umbali wa juu kilometre 10 (mi 6) na urefu wa faida na hasara ya zaidi ya metre 2 000 (ft 6 600) ^[10] Inaweza kutembea katika siku moja, lakini zaidi kawaida huchukua mbili au tatu. Inaweza pia kutumika kujiunga na ukoo tofauti kupaa trafik. Njia hauhitaji kiufundi kupanda.^[19]^[57]

The Gorges Valley ni kipengele kuu ya Chogoria Route.
Vertical bog juu ya Mlima Kenya tarehe ya Naro Moru Route.
Looking kuelekea peaks upp Mackinder Valley kwenye Sirimon Route.

Malazi

Malazi juu ya Mlima Kenya dryers kutoka msingi sana kwa anasa. Lodges anasa zaidi zinapatikana kwenye mteremko chini, ndani na kuzunguka misitu.^[58] Hawa Lodges kuwa hoteli-style malazi, mara nyingi kwa logi moto na moto maji ya bomba.^[59]^[60] Wengi kutoa waongoa anatembea na shughuli nyingine kama vile uvuvi na birdwatching. HUTS juu ya mlimani ni msingi zaidi. Wengi bunkroom s kadhaa pamoja na vitanda, na pia kutoa mahali kupumzika, kupika na kula. Baadhi pia wana maji ya bomba. HUTS chache bothies msingi ni sadaka tu nafasi ya kulala kuwa ni mahali pa kuanzia hali ya hewa.^[18]^[61] Vitanda katika HUTS inaweza reserved katika Hifadhi ya milango.^[29] Camping ni kuruhusiwa popote katika Hifadhi ya Taifa, lakini ni wengi moyo kote HUTS kikomo athari ya mazingira. Inawezekana kwa kutumia campers liko chinichini katika jumuiya HUTS maana hakuna ziada ada.^[29]

Austria Hut hupatikana karibu na Lewis Glacier kwenye mteremko wa Pt Lenana. The kibanda kulala watu 30, huku Juu Hut jirani kwa mabawabu. [288]
Hut ni Liki Kaskazini bothy ndogo katika Bonde Liki Kaskazini. [289] Ni hutoa malazi kidogo zaidi kutoka hali ya hewa.
Shipton's Camp ni saa ya juu ya Sirimon Route. [290] Ni jumuiya ina eneo kubwa na kukimbia baridi maji.
Camping ni kuruhusiwa popote ndani ya National Park. [291]

Asili ya Jina

Mlima Kenya ulipata majina tofauti: Ya Kikuyu kuiita Kirinyaga, ambayo inamaanisha "mlima mweupe au kung'aa". Kuyaita ya Embu Kirenia, au "mlima wa whiteness". Wamasai kuiita Ol Donyo Eibor au Ol Donyo Egere, ambayo inamaanisha "mlima mweupe" au "speckled mlima" mtiririko huo.^[17] Wakamba kuyaita ya Kiinyaa, au "mlima wa Ostrich". Ostrich wa kiume ana mkia speckled manyoya, ambayo kuangalia sawa na speckled mwamba na barafu mlimani.^[19]^[29]

Krapf alikuwa anakaa katika kijiji Wakamba alipo kwanza aliona mlima.^[62] Krapf, hata hivyo, jina lake kama kumbukumbu zote Kenia na Kegnia. ^[15]^[62] Kulingana na baadhi ya vyanzo, hii ni rushwa ya Wakamba Kiinyaa. ^[63] Hata hivyo wengine wanasema kwamba hii ilikuwa kinyume exakta sana uliotokea notation ya neno hutamkwa ˈkenia ^[64] Hata hivyo, jina lake lilikuwa kawaida Kigezo:PronEng katika Kiingereza.^[65]

Ni muhimu kukumbuka kwamba wakati inajulikana huu mlima bila kujumuisha mlima katika jina. Jina ya sasa ya Mount Kenya ilikuwa kutumiwa na baadhi mapema 1894,^[3] lakini hii haikuwa kawaida tukio mpaka 1920 wakati Kenya Colony ilianzishwa.^[66] Kabla ya mwaka wa 1920, eneo linaloitwa Kenya liliitwa Himaya ya Uingereza Afrika Mashariki, kwa hivyo hapakuwa na haja kutaja neno mlima uliporejelea mlima huo.' gtc:suffix="">[15] Mount Kenya ilikuwa sio jina tu Kiingereza kwa ajili ya mlima kama inavyoonekana katika kitabu Dutton's 1929 Mlima Kenya. ^[6] 1930s Kenya kwa mara kuwa dominerande spelling, lakini mara kwa mara alikuwa Kenia kutumika.^[67] Wakati huu wote wawili walikuwa bado hutamkwa ˈkiːnjə katika Kiingereza.^[63]

Kenya kupatikana uhuru mwaka 1963, na Jomo Kenyatta alichaguliwa kama rais wa kwanza.^[42] Awali alikuwa alishika jina hili kutafakari ahadi yake ya kumkomboa nchi yake na matamshi yake ya jina lake ulisababisha katika matamshi ya Kenya katika Kiingereza kubadilisha nyuma ya makadirio ya awali uliotokea matamshi, sasa ˈkɛnjə ^[63] Hivyo nchi ilikuwa jina baada ya koloni, ambayo kwa upande mmoja aitwaye mara baada ya mlima kama ni muhimu sana kihistoria.^[66]^[68] Urahisi kutofautisha kati ya nchi na mlimani, mlima akawa anajulikana kama Mlima Kenya kwa sasa matamshi ˈkɛnjə ^[65] Mlima Kenya ni featured kwenye Nembo ya Kenya.

Majina ya vilele

The peaks wa Mlima Kenya pewa majina kutoka vyanzo mbalimbali tatu. Kwanza, Wamaasai kadhaa wakubwa wamekuwa kuadhimisha, pamoja na majina kama Batian, Nelion na Lenana. Majina haya walikuwa alipendekeza kwa Mackinder, juu ya pendekezo wa Hinde, ambaye alikuwa afisa mkazi Maasailand wakati wa Mackinder's Expedition. Wao fira Mbatian, a Maasai Laibon (Medicine Man), Nelieng, ndugu yake, na Lenana na Sendeyo, wanawe.^[6] Terere ni baada ya mwingine aitwaye Wamaasai headman.

Aina ya pili ya majina ya kuwa walipewa peaks ni baada climbers na Wapelelezi. Baadhi ya mifano ya hili ni Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton na Arthur. Shipton alifanya Nelion ujio wa kwanza, na kusindikizwa Sommerfelt Shipton ya pili ya kupaa. Tilman alifanya mengi ya ascents kwanza Shipton katika peaks na 1930. Kugundua Dutton na Arthur mlima kati ya 1910 na 1930. Arthur Firmin, ambaye alifanya mengi ya kwanza ascents, imekuwa kukumbukwa katika Firmin's Kol Humphrey Slade, wa Pt Slade, Kugundua maeneo ya moorland ya mlima katika 1930s, na huenda alifanya Sendeyo ujio wa kwanza.^[18]

Majina yaliyobaki baada linajulikana haiba ya Kenya, isipokuwa wa Yohana na Petro, ambayo ilikuwa jina kwa mmisionari Arthur baada ya wanafunzi wawili. Pigott alikuwa Kaimu Afisa Utawala wa Kifalme ya Kiingereza kwa Afrika ya Mashariki wakati wa Gregory's Expedition, na kuna kundi la peaks nne mashariki ya peaks kuu aitwaye baada ya magavana wa Kenya na mapema walowezi; Coryndon, Grigg, Delamere na McMillan.^[18]

Wengi wa majina walipewa kwa Melhuish na Dutton, isipokuwa majina ya Wamaasai na Petro na Yohana. Linalovutia Pt Thomson si jina lake baada ya Joseph Thomson, ambaye alithibitisha mlima's kuwepo, lakini baada ya mwingine J Thomson ambaye alikuwa rasmi kijiografia Royal Society photographer.^[18]

Tazama pia

Vitabu kuhusu Mlima Kenya

Sir Halford Mackinder, The First ujio wa Mlima Kenya [KM Barbour, ed.], (London, 1991); hadithi ya ujio wa kwanza Batian, pamoja Mackinder's diary na baadhi ya Expedition's picha. Barbour discusses sababu Mackinder, ambaye aliandika na kuchapisha vitabu vingine, hawakuwa kuchapisha maelezo ya akaunti ya Expedition.^[69]
Dutton EAT, Kenya Mountain (London, 1929); akaunti ya Expedition Mlima Kenya mwaka 1926; illustreras.^[6]
Vivienne de Watteville, Mwambie Dunia - kuzunguka na Reflections kati Tembo na Milima (London & New York, 1935); akaunti ya mwandishi wa ugenini katika kibanda kidogo katika kanda ya Ziwa na Ellis explorations yake ya Gorges Valley; illustreras .^[70]
HW Tilman, theluji juu ya Ikweta (London, 1937); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Shipton) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.^[71]
Eric Shipton, juu ya kwamba Mlima, (London, 1943); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Tilman) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.^[72]
Felice Benuzzi, Fuga sul Kenya (Milano 1947) / No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya (London, 1952); a mountaineering classic, kuhusu wafungwa wa kivita tatu ambao kutoroka kutoka gerezani kambi yao mwaka 1943, hupanda mlima na sparse mgawo, improvised vifaa na hakuna ramani, na kisha kuvunja kurejea katika kambi yao gerezani.^[20]
Roland Truffaut, Du Kenya au wa Kilimanjaro (Paris 1953) / Kutoka Kenya kwa Kilimanjaro (London, 1957); 1952 akaunti ya ujio wa Kifaransa N. uso wa Mt Kenya; illustreras.^[73]
I. Allan, Guide to Mlima Kenya (1981; 1991; wengi updates); mamlaka ya kuongoza kwa njia ya peaks.^[18]
Hamish MacInnes, bei ya Adventure, (London, 1987); inajumuisha hadithi ya wiki-mrefu uokozi wa Gerd Judmeier baada yake kuanguka karibu na kilele cha Batian mapema katika miaka ya 1970.^[74]
I. Allan, C. Kata, G. Boy, Snowcaps juu ya Ikweta (London, 1989); historia ya Afrika Mashariki milima na ascents yao, ikiwemo ya hivi karibuni zaidi pioneered njia; illustreras.^[75]
Yohana Msomaji, Mlima Kenya (London, 1989); akaunti ya ujio wa Nelion, pamoja na Iain Allan kama mwongozo; illustreras.^[61]
M. Amin, D. Willetts, B. Tetley, On Mungu Mountain: The Story wa Mlima Kenya (London, 1991). A photographic maadhimisho ya mlima.^[76]
Kirinyaga, Mike Resnick, (1989).^[11]
Facing Mount Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, (1938); kitabu kuhusu Kikuyu.^[28]

Tanbihi

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.
↑ Philippe Nonnotte. "Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines".
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gregory, J. W. (1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 50: 515–530. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "gregory1894" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 [112]
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (Agosti 1999). "Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya" (subscription required). Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 430–435. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "development" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Jonathan Cape.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Gregory, John Walter (1968). The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 von Höhnel, Lieutenant Ludwig; Count Samuel Teleki (1894). Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie. London: Longmans.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 ^9.7 Mackinder, Halford John (Mei 1900). "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa". The Geographical Journal 15 (5): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1774261. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-28.
↑ ^10.00 ^10.01 ^10.02 ^10.03 ^10.04 ^10.05 ^10.06 ^10.07 ^10.08 ^10.09 ^10.10 ^10.11 ^10.12 ^10.13 ^10.14 EWP (2007). Mount Kenya Map and Guide [map], 4th edition, 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset, EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. ISBN 9780906227961.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Resnick, Mike (1998). Kirinyaga: a fable of Utopia. Ballantine. uk. 293. ISBN 0345417011.
↑ ^12.00 ^12.01 ^12.02 ^12.03 ^12.04 ^12.05 ^12.06 ^12.07 ^12.08 ^12.09 ^12.10 ^12.11 ^12.12 Coe, Malcolm James (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.
↑ "World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)".
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 United Nations (2008). "Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2006-12-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unesco" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
↑ Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 345.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Thomson, Joseph (1968). Through Masai Land (toleo la 3). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ ^18.00 ^18.01 ^18.02 ^18.03 ^18.04 ^18.05 ^18.06 ^18.07 ^18.08 ^18.09 ^18.10 ^18.11 ^18.12 ^18.13 ^18.14 ^18.15 ^18.16 ^18.17 ^18.18 ^18.19 ^18.20 ^18.21 ^18.22 ^18.23 ^18.24 ^18.25 Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 978-9966985606.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 ^19.6 Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. ISBN 1-871890-98-5.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Benuzzi, Felice (2005). No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1592287246. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 11 Aprili 2007: An shujaa ni alikanusha
↑ Mkataba ndege shambulio ndani Kenya's Mount Kenya., Airline Industry Information, 21 Julai 2003
↑ Rescue timu resume juhudi kuokoa miili ya wale waliouawa katika katiba ya ndege crash, Airline Industry Information, 23 Julai 2003
↑ "Aircraft flown off Mount Kenya" (News). The Times (London). Sat, 23 Januari 1943. Issue 49451, col C, p. 3.
↑ Kenya Wildlife Service (2007). "Mount Kenya National Park". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.
↑ United Nations Environment Programme (1998). "Protected Areas and World Heritage". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-02-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.
↑ Richards, Charles; James Place (1960). East African Explorers. London: Oxford University Press.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 Kenyatta, Jomo (1961). Facing Mount Kenya. London: Secker and Warburg.
↑ ^29.00 ^29.01 ^29.02 ^29.03 ^29.04 ^29.05 ^29.06 ^29.07 ^29.08 ^29.09 Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Somjee, Sultan (2000). "Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience". Research in African Literatures 31 (4): 97–103. doi:10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-21.
↑ Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1994). When We Began There Were Witchmen. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08615-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-14.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 ^32.4 Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya Area. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources.
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 Gregory, J. W. (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 56: 205–222.
↑ Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance". Mountain Research and Development 2 (2): 201–221. doi:10.2307/3672965. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-21.
↑ Mountain Club. "Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-26.
↑ Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers. A Photo Documentation, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.
↑ Benn, Doug (1997). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. ISBN 978-0340584316. More than one of |last1= na |last= specified (help); More than one of |first1= na |first= specified (help)
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 Karlén, Wibjörn; James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg (Agosti 1999). "Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 409–418.
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 Ojany, Francis F. (1993). "Mount Kenya and its environs: A review of the interaction between mountain and people in an equatorial setting". Mount Research and Development (International Mountain Society and United Nations University) 13 (3): 305–309. doi:10.2307/3673659.
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 Edward Stanford Ltd (1966). Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area [map], 1st edition, 1:125000, Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya.
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage (1991). Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide [map], 1 edition, 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. ISBN 0-906227-39-9.
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 ^42.3 ^42.4 Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-85339-253-7. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "castro" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 Niemelä, Tuomo; Petri Pellikka (2004). "Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya". Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki 40: 14–20. ISBN 952-10-2077-6.
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta 162: 276–282. doi:10.1007/BF00397450.
↑ ^45.0 ^45.1 Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.
↑ Young, Truman P.; Mary M. Peacock (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology 80: 141–148.
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 135–148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x.
↑ Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen (Novemba 2008). "Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47 (11): 2946–2962.
↑ Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya". Weather 21: 48–49.
↑ Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya". Geographical Journal (The Royal Geographical Society) 106 (5/6): 210–216.
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta (Springer-Verlag) 162: 276–282.
↑ Hastenrath, Stefan (1984). The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 90-277-1572-6.
↑ "Sunset & sunrise calculator (altitude not taken into account)". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-03.
↑ Alpine tidning, 1945
↑ ^55.0 ^55.1 "Mount Kenya Online Climbing Guide". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-02-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.
↑ Alpine Journal Vol. 42
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 "Mount Kenya Online Trekking Guide". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.
↑ "Castle Forest Lodge". Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.
↑ "Serena Mountain Lodge". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-19. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.
↑ "Lake Rutundu Log Cabins on Mount Kenya". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 Reader, John (1989). Mount Kenya. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0-241-12486-7. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "reader" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 452.
↑ ^63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.
↑ B. J. Ratcliffe (Januari 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya". Journal of the Royal African Society 42 (166): 42–44.
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 "Kenya". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
↑ ^66.0 ^66.1 Reuter. "British East Africa Annexed--"Kenya Colony"" (News). The Times (London). Thursday, 8 Julai 1920. Issue 42457, col C, p. 13.
↑ J.H. Reynolds, Secretary Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, RGS. "The spelling of Kenya" (Letters to the editor). The Times (London). Mon, 8 Februari 1932. Issue 46051, col B, p. 8.
↑ "East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony". Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 (15 ed.). 2002. pp. 801, 1b. ISBN 0-85229-787-4.
↑ Mackinder, Halford John; Kenneth Michael Barbour (1991). The First Ascent of Mount Kenya. Ohio University Press. uk. 287. ISBN 1850651027.
↑ de Watteville, Vivienne (1986) [1935]. Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains (toleo la 2). Methuen. uk. 329. ISBN 0413602702.
↑ Tilman, H. W. (1938). Snow on the Equator. The Macmillan Company. uk. 265.
↑ Shipton, Eric (1945). Upon that Mountain. Readers Union. uk. 248.
↑ Truffaut, Roland (1953). Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française au Kenya (kwa French). Paris: Julliard. uk. 251.
↑ MacInnes, Hamish (1987). The Price of Adventure. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340263237.
↑ Ward, Clive; Gordon Boy, Iain Allan (1988). Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Bodley Head. uk. 192. ISBN 0370311264.
↑ Amin, Mohamed; Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley (1991). On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya. Moorland. uk. 192.

Viungo vya nje

Mount Kenya homepage
Mount Kenya Information & Resource
UNESCO Mtindo Site Data Sheet juu ya Mlima Kenya
Satellite picture by Google Maps
Mount Kenya Jiolojia na Glaciology
African Wildlife Foundation Safari Planner
Mlima Club ya Kenya Homepage
Bill Woodley Mount Kenya Trust
Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy
Wakati tulianza, kulikuwa Witchmen An Oral History kutoka Mlima Kenya (1993) Jeffrey Fadiman
Vizuka juu ya Mlima Kenya Kifungu kutoka National Geographic Adventure magazine (2007) Mathayo Power
Kenya Wildlife Service's page on Mount Kenya National Park
Frontier Climbing nchini Kenya Article on wawili wa kwanza juu ya Hekalu ascents
Afrika Mashariki ubeberu photo insha

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Kenya bado ni mbegu.
Je unajua kitu kuhusu Mlima Kenya kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

[rough_guide-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.

[Rift-2] Philippe Nonnotte. "Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines".

[gregory1894-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Gregory, J. W. (1894). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 50: 515–530. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "gregory1894" defined multiple times with different content

[baker-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 ^4.6 [112]

[development-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (Agosti 1999). "Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya" (subscription required). Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 430–435. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "development" defined multiple times with different content

[dutton-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 ^6.5 ^6.6 Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Jonathan Cape.

[gregory-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Gregory, John Walter (1968). The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[teleki-8] 8.0 ^8.1 von Höhnel, Lieutenant Ludwig; Count Samuel Teleki (1894). Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie. London: Longmans.

[mackinder-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 ^9.3 ^9.4 ^9.5 ^9.6 ^9.7 Mackinder, Halford John (Mei 1900). "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa". The Geographical Journal 15 (5): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1774261. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-28.

[map-10] 10.00 ^10.01 ^10.02 ^10.03 ^10.04 ^10.05 ^10.06 ^10.07 ^10.08 ^10.09 ^10.10 ^10.11 ^10.12 ^10.13 ^10.14 EWP (2007). Mount Kenya Map and Guide [map], 4th edition, 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset, EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. ISBN 9780906227961.

[kirinyaga-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Resnick, Mike (1998). Kirinyaga: a fable of Utopia. Ballantine. uk. 293. ISBN 0345417011.

[ecology-12] 12.00 ^12.01 ^12.02 ^12.03 ^12.04 ^12.05 ^12.06 ^12.07 ^12.08 ^12.09 ^12.10 ^12.11 ^12.12 Coe, Malcolm James (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.

[uicn-13] "World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)".

[unesco-14] 14.0 ^14.1 United Nations (2008). "Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2006-12-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unesco" defined multiple times with different content

[Krapf-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

[16] Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 345.

[thomson-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 Thomson, Joseph (1968). Through Masai Land (toleo la 3). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[mck-18] 18.00 ^18.01 ^18.02 ^18.03 ^18.04 ^18.05 ^18.06 ^18.07 ^18.08 ^18.09 ^18.10 ^18.11 ^18.12 ^18.13 ^18.14 ^18.15 ^18.16 ^18.17 ^18.18 ^18.19 ^18.20 ^18.21 ^18.22 ^18.23 ^18.24 ^18.25 Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 978-9966985606.

[cordee-19] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 ^19.3 ^19.4 ^19.5 ^19.6 Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. ISBN 1-871890-98-5.

[picnic-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Benuzzi, Felice (2005). No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1592287246. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[21] Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, 11 Aprili 2007: An shujaa ni alikanusha

[22] Mkataba ndege shambulio ndani Kenya's Mount Kenya., Airline Industry Information, 21 Julai 2003

[23] Rescue timu resume juhudi kuokoa miili ya wale waliouawa katika katiba ya ndege crash, Airline Industry Information, 23 Julai 2003

[24] "Aircraft flown off Mount Kenya" (News). The Times (London). Sat, 23 Januari 1943. Issue 49451, col C, p. 3.

[kws_website-25] Kenya Wildlife Service (2007). "Mount Kenya National Park". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.

[unep-26] United Nations Environment Programme (1998). "Protected Areas and World Heritage". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-02-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.

[Explorers-27] Richards, Charles; James Place (1960). East African Explorers. London: Oxford University Press.

[facingmtkenya-28] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 Kenyatta, Jomo (1961). Facing Mount Kenya. London: Secker and Warburg.

[guide-29] 29.00 ^29.01 ^29.02 ^29.03 ^29.04 ^29.05 ^29.06 ^29.07 ^29.08 ^29.09 Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service

[somjee-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Somjee, Sultan (2000). "Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience". Research in African Literatures 31 (4): 97–103. doi:10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-21.

[witchmen-31] Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1994). When We Began There Were Witchmen. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08615-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-14.

[geology-32] 32.0 ^32.1 ^32.2 ^32.3 ^32.4 Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya Area. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources.

[gregory1900-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Gregory, J. W. (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 56: 205–222.

[speck-34] Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance". Mountain Research and Development 2 (2): 201–221. doi:10.2307/3672965. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-21.

[web-35] Mountain Club. "Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-26.

[glafot-36] Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers. A Photo Documentation, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.

[benn-37] Benn, Doug (1997). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. ISBN 978-0340584316. More than one of |last1= na |last= specified (help); More than one of |first1= na |first= specified (help)

[glacierfluctuations-38] 38.0 ^38.1 Karlén, Wibjörn; James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg (Agosti 1999). "Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 409–418.

[Ojany_1993_305–309-39] 39.0 ^39.1 Ojany, Francis F. (1993). "Mount Kenya and its environs: A review of the interaction between mountain and people in an equatorial setting". Mount Research and Development (International Mountain Society and United Nations University) 13 (3): 305–309. doi:10.2307/3673659.

[baker_map-40] 40.0 ^40.1 Edward Stanford Ltd (1966). Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area [map], 1st edition, 1:125000, Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya.

[mapandguide-41] 41.0 ^41.1 Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage (1991). Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide [map], 1 edition, 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. ISBN 0-906227-39-9.

[castro-42] 42.0 ^42.1 ^42.2 ^42.3 ^42.4 Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-85339-253-7. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "castro" defined multiple times with different content

[zonation-43] 43.0 ^43.1 Niemelä, Tuomo; Petri Pellikka (2004). "Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya". Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki 40: 14–20. ISBN 952-10-2077-6.

[rosette-44] 44.0 ^44.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta 162: 276–282. doi:10.1007/BF00397450.

[tropicalalpine-45] 45.0 ^45.1 Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.

[senecio-46] Young, Truman P.; Mary M. Peacock (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology 80: 141–148.

[hedberg1969-47] 47.0 ^47.1 Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 135–148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x.

[globalatmospherestation-48] Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen (Novemba 2008). "Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47 (11): 2946–2962.

[climate_article-49] Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya". Weather 21: 48–49.

[spink-50] Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya". Geographical Journal (The Royal Geographical Society) 106 (5/6): 210–216.

[rossette-51] 51.0 ^51.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta (Springer-Verlag) 162: 276–282.

[hastenrath-52] Hastenrath, Stefan (1984). The Glaciers of Equatorial East Africa. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 90-277-1572-6.

[53] "Sunset & sunrise calculator (altitude not taken into account)". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-03.

[54] Alpine tidning, 1945

[eaimg-55] 55.0 ^55.1 "Mount Kenya Online Climbing Guide". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2008-02-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.

[56] Alpine Journal Vol. 42

[eaimgw-57] 57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 "Mount Kenya Online Trekking Guide". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.

[castle_forest_lodge-58] "Castle Forest Lodge". Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.

[serena-59] "Serena Mountain Lodge". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-19. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.

[rutundu-60] "Lake Rutundu Log Cabins on Mount Kenya". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-10-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-19.

[reader-61] 61.0 ^61.1 Reader, John (1989). Mount Kenya. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0-241-12486-7. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "reader" defined multiple times with different content

[krapf_452-62] 62.0 ^62.1 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 452.

[foottit-63] 63.0 ^63.1 ^63.2 Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.

[64] B. J. Ratcliffe (Januari 1943). "The Spelling of Kenya". Journal of the Royal African Society 42 (166): 42–44.

[oed_kenya-65] 65.0 ^65.1 "Kenya". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.

[times_kenya_colony-66] 66.0 ^66.1 Reuter. "British East Africa Annexed--"Kenya Colony"" (News). The Times (London). Thursday, 8 Julai 1920. Issue 42457, col C, p. 13.

[times_names-67] J.H. Reynolds, Secretary Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, RGS. "The spelling of Kenya" (Letters to the editor). The Times (London). Mon, 8 Februari 1932. Issue 46051, col B, p. 8.

[68] "East Africa: Kenya: History: Kenya Colony". Encyclopedia Britannica. 17 (15 ed.). 2002. pp. 801, 1b. ISBN 0-85229-787-4.

[firstascent-69] Mackinder, Halford John; Kenneth Michael Barbour (1991). The First Ascent of Mount Kenya. Ohio University Press. uk. 287. ISBN 1850651027.

[wanderings-70] Watteville, Vivienne (1986) [1935]. Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains (toleo la 2). Methuen. uk. 329. ISBN 0413602702.

[snow-71] Tilman, H. W. (1938). Snow on the Equator. The Macmillan Company. uk. 265.

[uponthatmountain-72] Shipton, Eric (1945). Upon that Mountain. Readers Union. uk. 248.

[dukenya-73] Truffaut, Roland (1953). Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française au Kenya (kwa French). Paris: Julliard. uk. 251.

[priceofadventure-74] MacInnes, Hamish (1987). The Price of Adventure. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340263237.

[snowcaps-75] Ward, Clive; Gordon Boy, Iain Allan (1988). Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Bodley Head. uk. 192. ISBN 0370311264.

[ongodsmountain-76] Amin, Mohamed; Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley (1991). On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya. Moorland. uk. 192.

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@@ Mstari 45: / Mstari 45: @@
 |archivedate= 2006-12-30
 }}</ref> [[Hifadhi]] inapokea wageni juu ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.<ref name="development" />
-==Mount Kenya National Park==
-{{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya}}
-Mount Kenya National Park, imara katika [[1949]], hulinda kanda yanayozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa hifadhi ya misitu kabla ya kutangazWa kama Hifadhi ya Taifa.<ref name="kws_website">{{cite web
-|url= http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html
-|title= Mount Kenya National Park
-|accessdate= 2008-02-23
-|author= Kenya Wildlife Service
-|authorlink= Kenya Wildlife Service
-|year= 2007
-|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070622045208/http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html
-|archivedate= 2007-06-22
-}}</ref> Tangu [[Aprili]] [[1978]] eneo limeteuliwa kama [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]].<ref name="unep">{{cite web
-|url= http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html
-|title= Protected Areas and World Heritage
-|accessdate= 2008-02-23
-|author= United Nations Environment Programme
-|authorlink= United Nations Environment Programme
-|year= 1998
-|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070212211303/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html
-|archivedate= 2007-02-12
-}}</ref>
-[[Serikali ya Kenya]] ilikuwa na sababu nne za kujenga Hifadhi ya Taifa juu na kuzunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa [[utalii]] kwa [[uchumi]] wa ndani na wa kitaifa, kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, ili kuhifadhi [[viumbe hai]] ndani ya hifadhi, na kuhifadhi [[vyanzo vya maji]] yanayozunguka eneo.<ref name="development">{{cite journal
-  | last = Gichuki
-  | first = Francis Ndegwa
-  | coauthors =
-  | title = Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya
-  | journal = Ambio
-  | volume = 28
-  | issue = 5
-  | pages = 430–435
-  | publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
-  | month = Agosti | year = 1999
-  | url = http://www.ambio.kva.se
-  | doi =
-  | accessdate =
-  | format = subscription required}}
-</ref>
 ==Historia==
@@ Mstari 133: / Mstari 94: @@
 George Kolb, [[daktari]] Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 <ref name="mck" /> na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika moorlands upande wa mashariki ya mlima. Hata hivyo, mbali zaidi kupatikana mara baada ya utafutaji 1899 wakati [[reli]] kukamilika mbali kama tovuti ya Nairobi.<ref name="mck" /> Upatikanaji mlima alikuwa mbali kutoka hapa rahisi kuliko kutoka [[Mombasa]] juu ya pwani.<ref name="mackinder" />
+Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,<ref name="mackinder" /> [[Halford Yohana Mackinder]] aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka [[Ulaya]], 66 kutoka [[Uswahilini]], [[Wamaasai]] 2 na Wakikuyu 96.<ref name="mackinder">{{cite journal
-===Mackinder's Expedition===
-Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,<ref name="mackinder" /> Sir [[Halford Yohana Mackinder]] yaliyowekwa kutoka tovuti ya Nairobi juu ya Expedition mlima Kenya. Wanachama wa Expedition [[Ulaya]] bestod ya 6 ans, 66 [[Uswahilini]], 2 tall [[Wamaasai]] guides na 96 Kikuyu. Européerna walikuwa Campbell B. Hausberg, pili katika amri na [[mpiga picha]], Douglas Saunders, [[botanist]], CF Camburn, [[taxidermist]], Cesar Ollier, [[kuongoza]], na Josef Brocherel, kuongoza na mbeba mizigo.<ref name="mackinder">{{cite journal
  | last=Mackinder | first = Halford John
  | authorlink = Halford John Mackinder | year=1900 | month=Mei
@@ Mstari 142: / Mstari 102: @@
  | url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0016-7398%28190005%2915%3A5%3C453%3AAJTTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y
  | accessdate=2007-05-28}}</ref>
+Walikutana na matatizo mengi njiani.<ref name="mackinder" /> Mackinder alisukuma juu mlimani, na kuanzisha kambi saa {{convert|3142|m|ft|-1}} <ref name="mackinder" /> katika Höhnel Valley. Alifanya jaribio yake ya kwanza kwenye kilele tarehe [[30 Agosti]] kwa Brocherel up Ollier na kusini mashariki uso, lakini walikuwa na mafungo walipokuwa ndani {{convert|100|m|yd|-1}} wa mkutano wa Nelion kutokana na [[alasiri]].
-Expedition tukakifanya mbali kama mlima, lakini wamekutana matatizo mengi njiani. Nchi wao kupita mara kamili ya [[tauni]] na [[njaa]]. Mabawabu Wakikuyu wengi walijaribu jangwa na wanawake kutoka vijiji, na wengine aliiba kutoka katika vijiji, ambayo [[waheshimiwa]] kiuadui sana kuelekea Expedition. Walipofika [[wigo kambi]] tarehe [[18 Agosti]],<ref name="mackinder" /> hawakuweza kupata chakula chochote, alikuwa wawili wa chama yao kuuawa na wenyeji, na hatimaye alikuwa kutuma Saunders ya [[Naivasha]] kupata msaada kutoka [[Kapteni Gorges]], Serikali Afisa kuna .<ref name="mackinder" />
+Tarehe [[5 Septemba]], Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe [[11 Septemba]] Ollier na Brocherel walifanya ujio wa Darwin Glacier, lakini walilazimishwa mafungo kutokana na [[blizzard]].<ref name="mackinder" />
-Mackinder alisukuma juu mlimani, na kuanzisha kambi saa {{convert|3142|m|ft|-1}} <ref name="mackinder" /> katika Höhnel Valley. Yeye alifanya jaribio yake ya kwanza kwenye kilele tarehe [[30 Agosti]] kwa Brocherel up Ollier na kusini mashariki uso, lakini walikuwa na mafungo walipokuwa ndani {{convert|100|m|yd|-1}} wa mkutano wa Nelion kutokana na [[alasiri]].
+Wakati Saunders akarudi kutoka Naivasha na unafuu wa chama hicho, alikuwa Mackinder jaribio jingine katika mkutano na Ollier na Brocherel. Wao traversed ya Lewis Glacier na kusini mashariki ziliongezeka uso wa Nelion. Walitumia usiku karibu [[gendarme]], na traversed ya [[snowfield]] kichwani ya Darwin Glacier saa alfajiri kabla ya kukatwa hatua hadi Diamond Glacier. Wao walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na alishuka kwa njia ileile.<ref name="mackinder" />
-Tarehe [[5 Septemba]], Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel alifanya mzunguko wa kuu wa peaks kutafuta njia rahisi ya mkutano. Hawakuweza kupata mmoja. Tarehe [[11 Septemba]] Ollier na Brocherel alifanya ujio wa Darwin Glacier, lakini walilazimishwa mafungo kutokana na [[blizzard]].<ref name="mackinder" />
-Wakati Saunders akarudi kutoka Naivasha na unafuu wa chama hicho, alikuwa Mackinder jaribio jingine katika mkutano na Ollier na Brocherel. Wao traversed ya Lewis Glacier na kusini mashariki ziliongezeka uso wa Nelion. Walitumia usiku karibu [[gendarme]], na traversed ya [[snowfield]] kichwani ya Darwin Glacier saa alfajiri kabla ya kukatwa hatua hadi Diamond Glacier. Wao fika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na alishuka kwa njia ile ile.<ref name="mackinder" />
 ===1900-1930===
@@ Mstari 189: / Mstari 147: @@
 | author= | section=News | day_of_week=Sat | date=23 Januari 1943
 | page_number=3 | issue=49451 | column=C}}</ref>
+==Mount Kenya National Park==
+{{main|Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya}}
+Mount Kenya National Park, iliyoanzishwa katika [[1949]], hulinda kanda yanayozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa [[hifadhi ya misitu]].<ref name="kws_website">{{cite web
+|url= http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html
+|title= Mount Kenya National Park
+|accessdate= 2008-02-23
+|author= Kenya Wildlife Service
+|authorlink= Kenya Wildlife Service
+|year= 2007
+|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070622045208/http://www.kws.org/mt-kenya.html
+|archivedate= 2007-06-22
+}}</ref> Tangu [[Aprili]] [[1978]] eneo limeteuliwa kama [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]].<ref name="unep">{{cite web
+|url= http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html
+|title= Protected Areas and World Heritage
+|accessdate= 2008-02-23
+|author= United Nations Environment Programme
+|authorlink= United Nations Environment Programme
+|year= 1998
+|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070212211303/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/mt_kenya.html
+|archivedate= 2007-02-12
+}}</ref>
+[[Serikali ya Kenya]] ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa juu kuzunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa [[utalii]] kwa [[uchumi]] wa ndani na wa nje, kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi [[viumbe hai]] ndani yake, na kuhifadhi [[vyanzo vya maji]] vinavyozunguka eneo.<ref name="development">{{cite journal
+  | last = Gichuki
+  | first = Francis Ndegwa
+  | coauthors =
+  | title = Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya
+  | journal = Ambio
+  | volume = 28
+  | issue = 5
+  | pages = 430–435
+  | publisher = Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
+  | month = Agosti | year = 1999
+  | url = http://www.ambio.kva.se
+  | doi =
+  | accessdate =
+  | format = subscription required}}
+</ref>
 ==Utamaduni==
 [[File:Mount Kenya Population map-fr.svg|right|thumb|Mlima Kenya ni muhimu kwa makabila yote ya pembezoni hai.]]
-Makabila kuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni [[Kikuyu]], Ameru, Embu na [[Wamaasai]]. Wao wote kuona mlima kama kipengele muhimu tamaduni zao.
+Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni [[Wakikuyu]], [[Wameru]], [[Waembu]] na [[Wamaasai]]. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha [[tamaduni]] zao.
-===Kikuyu===
+===Wakikuyu===
 [[File:Batian and Nelion in the background cropped.JPG|right|thumb|Makabila kadhaa wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya wanaamini kuwa mlima takatifu. Walitumia kujenga nyumba zao zinazowakabili mlima, na milango upande karibu yake.]]
 [[Wakikuyu]] wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.<ref name="ecology" /><ref name="Explorers">{{cite book |title= East African Explorers|last= Richards|first= Charles|authorlink= |coauthors= James Place|year= 1960|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= London}}
@@ Mstari 204: / Mstari 201: @@
 Ni construed pia inaweza kumaanisha 'mwenye nuru / mwangaza' katika mwanga akimaanisha speglas kutoka glaciers nyeupe juu ya mlima.
-===Embu===
+===Waembu===
 [[Waembu]] wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,<ref name="ecology" /> na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, ''Ngai''  au ''Mwene Njeru.''  Mlima ni takatifu, na wao kujenga nyumba zao na milango yanayowakabili kuelekea hiyo.<ref name="guide" /> Jina kwa ajili ya Embu Mlima Kenya ni ''kiri Njeru,''  ambayo ina maana ya mlima wa whiteness.<ref name="mck" /><ref name="cordee" /><ref name="guide" />
 Embu watu wa karibu kuhusiana na [[Kamba]] ya [[Mbeere]] watu. Wao ni walowezi wa windward upande wa mlima. Hii ni nusu rocky eneo kavu.
 ===Wamasai===
-[[Wamasai]] ni wahamaji ambao kutumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlimani graze mifugo yao. Wao wanaamini kuwa mababu zao ulioshuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni wakati.<ref name="guide" /> Wamasai jina kwa Mlima Kenya ni Ol Donyo Keri, ambayo inamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au wengi colours' depicting theluji, misitu na mengine kama aliona vivuli kutoka surrounding tambarare.<ref name="somjee">{{cite journal
+[[Wamasai]] ni wahamaji ambao kutumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlimani kuchunga mifugo yao. Wao wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.<ref name="guide" /> Jina La Mlima Kenya kwa [[Kimasai]] ni ''Ol Donyo Keri'', ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.<ref name="somjee">{{cite journal
  | last=Somjee | first=Sultan | year=2000
  | title = Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience
@@ Mstari 222: / Mstari 219: @@
 Mt. Kenya, like Mt. Kilimanjaro and multiply in number. |Collected by Francis Sakuda of Oloshoibor Peace Museum<ref name=somjee/>}}
-===Ameru===
+===Wameru===
-[[Ameru]] anashughulika ya Mashariki na Kaskazini ya Mlima. Wao ni jumla ya kilimo na mifugo na pia kushika anashughulika kile ni miongoni mwa nchi yenye rutuba wengi nchini Kenya. Jina kwa ajili ya Meru Mt. Kenya ni ''Kirimara''  (Hiyo ambayo ina stuff nyeupe au theluji).<ref name="witchmen">{{cite book |title= When We Began There Were Witchmen|last= Fadiman|first= Jeffrey A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-08615-5|page= |pages= |url= http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/|accessdate= 2009-05-14}}
+[[Wameru]] wako Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima wakishughulikia kilimo na mifugo katika sehemu iliyo miongoni mwa nchi yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa [[Kimeru]] ni ''Kirimara'' (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).<ref name="witchmen">{{cite book |title= When We Began There Were Witchmen|last= Fadiman|first= Jeffrey A.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1994|publisher= University of California Press|location= Berkeley|isbn= 0-520-08615-5|page= |pages= |url= http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8199p24c/|accessdate= 2009-05-14}}
+</ref>
-</ref> Baadhi ya nyimbo Meru rejea ''Kirimara hakuna makengi''  (The mlima ni speckles wote.) Poem nyimbo nyingine kama kuashiria kwamba mlima ni ndogo makundi mbalimbali ya jamii. ''Murungu''  ya Meru Mungu mara kutoka mbinguni.
 ===Makabila mengine===
-Ulaya ya kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wa watu hawa hawajawahi uzoefu wa baridi, au kuonekana theluji na barafu kabla. Reactions zao mara nyingi walikuwa waoga na tuhuma.
+Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wa watu hawa hawajawahi uzoefu wa baridi, au kuonekana theluji na barafu kabla. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.
 {{Quote|
@@ Mstari 233: / Mstari 230: @@
 |J W Gregory|''The Great Rift Valley''<ref name=gregory/>}}
-Mackinder's Expedition wa 1899 alikutana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila [[Wadorobo]]. Wao walikuwa saa kuhusu {{convert|3600|m|ft|-2}} na ni mfano wa kabila kwamba matumizi ya kawaida ya mlima kwa makusudi.<ref name="ecology" />
+Mackinder's Expedition wa 1899 alikutana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la [[Wadorobo]].<ref name="ecology" />
 ==Jiolojia==
@@ Mstari 941: / Mstari 938: @@
 [[Jamii:Mlima Kenya]]
 [[Jamii:Volkeno za Kenya]]
-[[Jamii:Urithi wa Dunia]]
+[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
 [[Jamii:Historia ya Kenya]]