Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Wasifu
Tuzo ya Pulitzer ya Wasifu ni aina moja ya Tuzo za Pulitzer ambazo hutolewa kila mwaka nchini Marekani. Ni miongoni mwa aina za asili zilizotolewa kuanzia 1917, na imetolewa kumheshimu mwandishi Mwarekani aliyeandika wasifu wa mtu hodari katika mwaka uliopita.
Kuanzia 1980, wagombea watatu wa mwisho walikuwa hutangazwa, yaani mshindi mkuu pamoja na mshindi wa pili na wa tatu.
Washindi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Katika miaka 97 hadi 2013, Tuzo ya Wasifu ilitolewa mara 97; kulikuwa na washindi wawili mwaka wa 1938, na hakuwa na tuzo 1962. Waandishi mbalimbali wametuzwa Tuzo hiyo mara mbili:
- Burton J. Hendrick, 1923, 1929
- Allan Nevins, 1933, 1937
- Marquis James, 1930, 1938
- Douglas S. Freeman, 1935, 1958
- Samuel Eliot Morison, 1943, 1960
- Walter Jackson Bate, 1964, 1978
- David Herbert Donald, 1961, 1988
- David Levering Lewis, 1994, 2001
- David McCullough, 1993, 2002
- Robert Caro, 1975, 2003
Miaka ya 1910
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1917: Julia Ward Howe kuandikwa na Laura E. Richards na Maud Howe Elliott, kwa msaada wa Florence Howe Hall
- 1918: Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed kuandikwa na William Cabell Bruce
- 1919: The Education of Henry Adams kuandikwa na Henry Adams
Miaka ya 1920
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1920: The Life of John Marshall, majuzuu manne kuandikwa na Albert J. Beveridge
- 1921: The Americanization of Edward Bok kuandikwa na Edward Bok
- 1922: A Daughter of the Middle Border kuandikwa na Hamlin Garland
- 1923: The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page kuandikwa na Burton J. Hendrick
- 1924: From Immigrant to Inventor kuandikwa na Michael I. Pupin
- 1925: Barrett Wendell and His Letters kuandikwa na M. A. Dewolfe Howe
- 1926: The Life of Sir William Osler, majuzuu mawili kuandikwa na Harvey Cushing
- 1927: Whitman kuandikwa na Emory Holloway
- 1928: The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas kuandikwa na Charles Edward Russell
- 1929: The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page kuandikwa na Burton J. Hendrick
Miaka ya 1930
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1930: The Raven: A Biography of Sam Houston kuandikwa na Marquis James
- 1931: Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, 1869–1901 kuandikwa na Henry James
- 1932: Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography kuandikwa na Henry F. Pringle
- 1933: Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage kuandikwa na Allan Nevins
- 1934: John Hay kuandikwa na Tyler Dennett
- 1935: R. E. Lee kuandikwa na Douglas S. Freeman
- 1936: The Thought and Character of William James kuandikwa na Ralph Barton Perry
- 1937: Hamilton Fish kuandikwa na Allan Nevins
- 1938: Pedlar's Progress: The Life of Bronson Alcott kuandikwa na Odell Shepard
- 1938: Andrew Jackson, majuzuu mawili kuandikwa na Marquis James
- 1939: Benjamin Franklin kuandikwa na Carl Van Doren
Miaka ya 1940
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1940: Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters. Vols. VII and VIII kuandikwa na Ray Stannard Baker
- 1941: Jonathan Edwards, 1703–1758: a biography kuandikwa na Ola Elizabeth Winslow
- 1942: Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe kuandikwa na Forrest Wilson
- 1943: Admiral of the Ocean Sea kuandikwa na Samuel Eliot Morison
- 1944: The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse kuandikwa na Carleton Mabee
- 1945: George Bancroft: Brahmin Rebel kuandikwa na Russel Blaine Nye
- 1946: Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir kuandikwa na Linnie Marsh Wolfe
- 1947: The Autobiography of William Allen White kuandikwa na William Allen White
- 1948: Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow kuandikwa na Margaret Clapp
- 1949: Roosevelt and Hopkins kuandikwa na Robert E. Sherwood
Miaka ya 1950
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1950: John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy kuandikwa na Samuel Flagg Bemis
- 1951: John C. Calhoun: American Portrait kuandikwa na Margaret Louise Coit
- 1952: Charles Evans Hughes kuandikwa na Merlo J. Pusey
- 1953: Edmund Pendleton 1721–1803 kuandikwa na David J. Mays
- 1954: The Spirit of St. Louis kuandikwa na Charles A. Lindbergh
- 1955: The Taft Story kuandikwa na William S. White
- 1956: Benjamin Henry Latrobe kuandikwa na Talbot Faulkner Hamlin
- 1957: Profiles in Courage kuandikwa na John F. Kennedy
- 1958: George Washington, Volumes I-VI kuandikwa na Douglas Southall Freeman, halafu Volume VII, kuandikwa na John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth baada ya kifo chake Freeman mwaka wa 1953
- 1959: Woodrow Wilson, American Prophet kuandikwa na Arthur Walworth
Miaka ya 1960
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1960: John Paul Jones kuandikwa na Samuel Eliot Morison
- 1961: Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War kuandikwa na David Donald
- 1962: hakuna tuzo
- 1963: Henry James kuandikwa na Leon Edel
- 1964: John Keats kuandikwa na Walter Jackson Bate
- 1965: Henry Adams, majuzuu matatu, kuandikwa na Ernest Samuels
- 1966: A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House kuandikwa na Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
- 1967: Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain kuandikwa na Justin Kaplan
- 1968: Memoirs kuandikwa na George Frost Kennan
- 1969: The Man From New York: John Quinn and His Friends kuandikwa na Benjamin Lawrence Reid
Miaka ya 1970
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1970: Huey Long kuandikwa na Thomas Harry Williams
- 1971: Robert Frost : The Years of Triumph, 1915–1938, kuandikwa na Lawrence Thompson
- 1972: Eleanor and Franklin kuandikwa na Joseph P. Lash
- 1973: Luce and His Empire kuandikwa na W. A. Swanberg
- 1974: O'Neill, Son and Artist kuandikwa na Louis Sheaffer
- 1975: The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York kuandikwa na Robert Caro
- 1976: Edith Wharton: A Biography kuandikwa na R. W. B. Lewis
- 1977: A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence kuandikwa na John E. Mack
- 1978: Samuel Johnson kuandikwa na Walter Jackson Bate
- 1979: Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews kuandikwa na Leonard Baker
Miaka ya 1980
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kuanzia hapo, kunatajwa mshindi pamoja na wagombea wawili wengine wa mwisho.
- 1980: The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt kuandikwa na Edmund Morris
- Being Bernard Berenson kuandikwa na Meryle Secrest
- Bernard Berenson, The Making of a Connoisseur kuandikwa na Ernest Samuels
- The Duke of Deception kuandikwa na Geoffrey Wolff
- 1981: Peter the Great: His Life and World kuandikwa na Robert K. Massie
- Walt Whitman: A Life kuandikwa na Justin Kaplan
- Walter Lippmann and the American Century kuandikwa na Ronald Steel
- 1982: Grant: A Biography kuandikwa na William S. McFeely
- Mornings on Horseback kuandikwa na David McCullough
- Waldo Emerson kuandikwa na Gay Wilson Allen
- 1983: Growing Up kuandikwa na Russell Baker
- Churchill: Young Man in a Hurry, 1874–1915 kuandikwa na Ted Morgan
- Thomas E. Dewey and His Times kuandikwa na Richard Norton Smith
- 1984: Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901–1915 kuandikwa na Louis R. Harlan
- Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just kuandikwa na Kenneth Manning
- Thomas Carlyle: A Biography kuandikwa na Fred Kaplan
- 1985: The Life and Times of Cotton Mather kuandikwa na Kenneth Silverman
- Becoming William James kuandikwa na Howard M. Feinstein
- The Seven Mountains of Thomas Merton kuandikwa na Michael Mott
- 1986: Louise Bogan: A Portrait kuandikwa na Elizabeth Frank
- A Hidden Childhood: A Jewish Girl's Sanctuary in a French Convent, 1942–1945 kuandikwa na Frida Scheps Weinstein
- George Washington Williams: A Biography kuandikwa na John Hope Franklin
- 1987: Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference kuandikwa na David J. Garrow
- Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865 kuandikwa na Joseph Frank
- Murrow: His Life and Times kuandikwa na A.M. Sperber
- The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams kuandikwa na Leonard L. Richards
- 1988: Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe kuandikwa na David Herbert Donald
- George Santayana: A Biography kuandikwa na John Owen McCormick
- Hemingway kuandikwa na Kenneth S. Lynn
- 1989: Oscar Wilde kuandikwa na Richard Ellmann
- A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam kuandikwa na Neil Sheehan
- Freud: A Life for Our Time kuandikwa na Peter Gay
- The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II, 1941–1967: I Dream a World kuandikwa na Arnold Rampersad
Miaka ya 1990
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 1990: Machiavelli in Hell kuandikwa na Sebastian de Grazia
- A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt kuandikwa na Geoffrey C. Ward
- Clear Pictures: First Loves, First Guides kuandikwa na Reynolds Price
- The Road From Coorain kuandikwa na Jill Ker Conway
- 1991: Jackson Pollock: An American Saga kuandikwa na Steven Naifeh na Gregory White Smith
- Alfred I. Du Pont: The Man and His Family kuandikwa na Joseph Frazier Wall
- The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends 1880–1918 kuandikwa na Patricia O'Toole
- 1992: Fortunate Son: The Autobiography of Lewis B. Puller Jr. kuandikwa na Lewis B. Puller
- Frederick Douglass kuandikwa na William S. McFeely
- Orwell: The Authorized Biography kuandikwa na Michael Shelden
- 1993: Truman kuandikwa na David McCullough
- Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman kuandikwa na James Gleick
- Kissinger kuandikwa na Walter Isaacson
- 1994: W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 kuandikwa na David Levering Lewis
- Genet: A Biography kuandikwa na Edmund White
- In Extremis: The Life of Laura Riding kuandikwa na Deborah Baker
- 1995: Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life kuandikwa na Joan D. Hedrick
- Hugo Black: A Biography kuandikwa na Roger K. Newman
- Saint-Exupery: A Biography kuandikwa na Stacy Schiff
- 1996: God: A Biography kuandikwa na Jack Miles
- John Sloan: Painter and Rebel kuandikwa na John Loughery
- Mozart: A Life kuandikwa na Maynard Solomon
- 1997: Angela's Ashes: A Memoir kuandikwa na Frank McCourt
- Herman Melville: A Biography, Volume 1, 1819–1851 kuandikwa na Hershel Parker
- In the Wilderness: Coming of Age in Unknown Country kuandikwa na Kim Barnes
- 1998: Personal History kuandikwa na Katharine Graham
- Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public-Private Life kuandikwa na James H. Jones
- Whittaker Chambers: A Biography kuandikwa na Sam Tanenhaus
- 1999: Lindbergh kuandikwa na A. Scott Berg
- A Beautiful Mind kuandikwa na Sylvia Nasar
- Gray At Home with the Marquis de Sade: A Life kuandikwa na Francine du Plessix
Miaka ya 2000
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 2000: Vera, Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov kuandikwa na Stacy Schiff
- Clear Springs: A Memoir kuandikwa na Bobbie Ann Mason
- Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love kuandikwa na Dava Sobel
- 2001: W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963 kuandikwa na David Levering Lewis
- Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician kuandikwa na Christoph Wolff
- The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin kuandikwa na H.W. Brands
- 2002: John Adams kuandikwa na David McCullough
- An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood kuandikwa na Jimmy Carter
- Grant kuandikwa na Jean Edward Smith
- 2003: Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson kuandikwa na Robert Caro
- Beethoven: The Music and the Life kuandikwa na Lewis Lockwood
- The Fly Swatter kuandikwa na Nicholas Dawidoff
- 2004: Khrushchev: The Man and His Era kuandikwa na William Taubman
- Arshile Gorky: His Life and Work kuandikwa na Hayden Herrera
- Isaac Newton kuandikwa na James Gleick
- 2005: de Kooning: An American Master kuandikwa na Mark Stevens na Annalyn Swan
- Under a Wild Sky: John James Audubon and the Making of The Birds of America kuandikwa na William Souder
- Will in the World: How Shakespeare Became Shakespeare kuandikwa na Stephen Greenblatt
- 2006: American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer kuandikwa na Kai Bird na Martin J. Sherwin
- The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism kuandikwa na Megan Marshall
- The Year of Magical Thinking kuandikwa na Joan Didion
- 2007: The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher kuandikwa na Debby Applegate
- Andrew Carnegie kuandikwa na David Nasaw
- John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty kuandikwa na Arthur H. Cash
- 2008: Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father kuandikwa na John Matteson
- The Life of Kingsley Amis kuandikwa na Zachary Leader
- The Worlds of Lincoln Kirstein kuandikwa na Martin Duberman
- 2009: American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House kuandikwa na Jon Meacham
- The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century kuandikwa na Steve Coll
- Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt kuandikwa na H.W. Brands
Miaka ya 2010
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- 2010: The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt kuandikwa na T.J. Stiles
- Cheever: A Life kuandikwa na Blake Bailey
- Woodrow Wilson: A Biography kuandikwa na John Milton Cooper, Jr.
- 2011: Washington: A Life kuandikwa na Ron Chernow
- Mrs. Adams in Winter: A Journey in the Last Days of Napoleon kuandikwa na Michael O'Brien
- The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century kuandikwa na Alan Brinkley
- 2012: George F. Kennan: An American Life kuandikwa na John Lewis Gaddis
- Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention kuandikwa na Manning Marable
- Love and Capital: Karl and Jenny Marx and the Birth of a Revolution kuandikwa na Mary Gabriel
- 2013: The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo kuandikwa na Tom Reiss
- Portrait of a Novel: Henry James and the Making of an American Masterpiece kuandikwa na Michael Gorra
- The Patriarch: The Remarkable Life and Turbulent Times of Joseph P. Kennedy kuandikwa na David Nasaw
- 2014: Margaret Fuller: A New American Life kuandikwa na Megan Marshall
- Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World kuandikwa na Leo Damrosch
- Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life kuandikwa na Jonathan Sperber
- 2015: The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe kuandikwa na David I. Kertzer
- Louis Armstrong: Master of Modernism kuandikwa na Thomas Brothers
- Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 kuandikwa na Stephen Kotkin
- 2016: Barbarian Days: A Surfing Life kuandikwa na William Finnegan
- Custer's Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America kuandikwa na T. J. Stiles
- The Light of the World: A Memoir kuandikwa na Elizabeth Alexander