Waashuru
(Elekezwa kutoka Waashuri)
Ukumbusho wa maangamizi ya Waashuru yaliyofanywa na Waturuki mwanzoni mwa karne ya 20; uko Yerevan, Armenia.
Waashuru (kwa Kiaramu ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) ni kabila la Kisemiti la watu wa Mesopotamia kaskazini, ambao leo kwa kiasi kikubwa wanaishi nje ya nchi yao asili (hasa katika Iraq na Syria za leo, pamoja na maeneo madogo ya Uturuki na Iran), hasa Marekani, Ulaya Magharibi na Australia.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Kwa jumla duniani kote wanakadiriwa kuwa kati ya milioni 2 na 4.25. Wengi wao ni Wakristo (hasa Kanisa Katoliki la Wakaldayo na Kanisa la Waashuru la Mashariki), na kwa sababu hiyo wamedhulumiwa na watawala mbalimbali kwa karibu miaka 2000 mfululizo.[7]
Waashuru wana historia tukufu upande wa ustaarabu na siasa kwa kuwa walirithi na kueneza utamaduni wa Wasumeri na Waakadi ambao ndio wa kwanza duniani katika mambo mengi.
Hasa dola la Ashuru lilistawi kati ya karne ya 24 KK na karne ya 7 KK liliposhindwa na Wakaldayo wa Babuloni (605 KK).
Biblia inazungumzia mara nyingi habari za dola hilo lililokuwa tishio kwa Waisraeli na mataifa mengi ya Mashariki ya Kati kwa muda mrefu.
Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- ↑ Assyrians in Georgia, Joshua Project
- ↑ Certrez, Donabed, and Makko (2012). The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence. Uppsala University, 44–50. ISBN 978-91-554-8303-6.
- ↑ Dr. Eden Naby. Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community.
- ↑ "Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq", The Christian Post. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06.
- ↑ "Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival", Christian World News.
- ↑ "U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians", The Christian Post. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11.
- ↑ *MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States. Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, Ghent, Belgium. http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/conferences/past%20conferences/ghent.html. Retrieved 2014-09-14. "Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Assyrians in the United States. The Assyrians descent from the population of ancient Assyria (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a linguistic, political, religious, and ethnic minority in northern Iraq, northwest Iran, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey since the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 605 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the Near East, the North America, Europe and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based Christian churches characterized by unique holidays and rites, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and food preparation. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic identity and encouragement of endogamy. Results are being analyzed.".
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Aphram I Barsoum, Patriarch (1943). The Scattered Pearls.
- Benjamin, Yoab (PDF). Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community. 10. Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v10n2/yoab2.pdf.
- BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). Assyrians of New Britain. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-5012-4. OCLC 156908771.
- Brock, Sebastian (9 September 2002). The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film. ISBN 1-931956-99-5.
- De Courtis, Sėbastien (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans, 1st Gorgias Press, Piscataway, New Jersey : Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-077-4.
- Donabed, Sargon (2006). Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4480-9. OCLC 70184669.
- Ephrem I Barsaum, Ignatius (2006). De spridda pärlorna - En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap (in Swedish). Sweden: Anastasis Media AB. ISBN 91-975751-4-3.
- Gaunt, David; Jan Bet̲-Şawoce, Racho Donef (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-301-3. OCLC 85766950.
- Henrich, Joseph (May 2007). Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-531423-9.
- Hollerweger, Hans (1999). Tur Abdin: A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture (in English, German, Turkish). ISBN 3-9501039-0-2.
- MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States. http://evolution.anthro.univie.ac.at/ishe/conferences/past%20conferences/ghent.html. Retrieved 2014-09-14.
- Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 18 (2). http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v18n2/Parpola-identity_Article%20-Final.pdf.
- Taylor, David (9 September 2002). Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
- Taylor, David (9 September 2002). Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
- Taylor, David (9 September 2002). Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness. Trans World Film.
Viungo vya nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Assyrian people, Britannica Online
- A virtual Assyria: Cyberland Archived 16 Novemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East Archived 27 Septemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
- Traditional Assyrian Costumes Archived 19 Novemba 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects
- Who Are Assyrians?
- Assyrian History
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