Nenda kwa yaliyomo

Odessa

Hariri viungo
Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Majengo ya Odessa.
Ramani ya Odessa katika Ukraine.

Odessa [1] (kwa Kiukraine: Оде́са) ni jiji na bandari muhimu kusini magharibi mwa Ukraine. Ni makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Odessa. Jiji hilo liko kwenye mwambao wa Bahari Nyeusi.

Idadi ya wakazi ilihesabiwa kuwa 1,016,000 mwaka 2021[2].

Historia

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Ngazi kubwa mjini Odessa ilitumiwa kwa picha za filamu maarufu ya "Manowari Potemkin" ya Sergei Eisenstein.

Vyanzo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Wagiriki wa Kale waliwahi kujenga hapa mji uliogunduliwa na wanaakiolojia.

Hakuna habari za uhakika zaidi hadi karne za kati, wakati mwambao wa kaskazini wa Bahari Nyeusi ulitawaliwa na Watartari, wasemaji wa lugha za Kiturki. Mtawala wao wa Krim alijenga hapa ngome na mji mnamo 1440 kwa jina la Hacibey. Tangu mwaka 1529 ngome na bandari hiyo ilikuwa sehemu ya Milki ya Osmani kwa jina la Khadjibey.

Katika vita ya Urusi dhidi ya Waosmani ya miaka 1787–1792 ilivamiwa na Warusi na kuwa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi[3] .

Mji mpya ya Odessa

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Mwaka 1794 malkia Katharina II wa Urusi aliamuru mji wa kisasa kujengwa penye ngome ya kale na kuufanya kitovu cha "Urusi Mpya", mkoa ulioanzishwa katika maeneo yaliyotwaliwa kutoka kwa Waosmani. Mji huo ulipangwa na kupanua kufuatana na ramani iliyoandaliwa na mhandisi Mholanzi Frans de Vollan[4].

Mwaka 1795 jina la Kiturki lilibadilishwa kuwa Odessa kwa kumbukumbu ya koloni la Wagiriki wa Kale katika eneo hili. Malkia Katharina alimteua mkabaila Mfaransa Duc de Richelieu, aliyewahi kukimbia mapinduzi ya Ufaransa, kuwa gavana wa Odessa. Huyu alisimamia ujenzi wa mji mpya na kuurembesha. Majengo mengi ya kipindi kile hufanana na usanifu wa nyumbaUfaransa na Italia.

Odessa ilikua haraka kwa sababu mwaka 1817 ilikuwa "bandari huru" ambako wafanyabiashara waliruhusiwa kuingiza bidhaa kutoka nje bila kulipa kodi ya forodha. Ilikuwa bandari muhimu ya Urusi kwenye bahari isiyo na baridi - tofauti na bandari za kaskazini ya Urusi- na kufaa kwa biashara ya kuuza nje nafaka zilizozalishwa kwa wingi kusini mwa Urusi.

Mwaka 1866 mji uliunganishwa na njia ya reli kwenda Kiev.

Katika karne ya 19 Odessa ilikuwa mji wa nne kwa ukubwa katika Milki ya Urusi, baada ya Moscow, Sankt Peterburg na Warsaw. [5]

Katika karne ya 19 Wayahudi wengi kutoka sehemu za Poland walihamia Odessa. Mnamo mwaka 1900 theluthi moja ya wakazi walikuwa Wayahudi. Sehemu ya Wakristo Waorthodoksi waliwachukia na kulikuwa mara kadhaa na mashambulio dhidi ya Wayahudi zilizoitwa pogromu.

Karne ya 20

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Mnamo mwaka 1905 Odessa iliona ghasia ya wanamaji wa manowari Potemkin dhidi ya serikali ya kifalme; ghasia hii ilifuatwa na pogromu kubwa dhidi ya Wayahudi wa mji. Sehemu ya Wayahudi hao walianza kuhama Odessa na wachache walitafuta makazi mapya huko Palestina[6] .

Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, Odessa ilikuwa sehemu ya jamhuri mpya ya Ukraine katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Kwenye Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Odessa ilivamiwa na majeshi ya Ujerumani na Romania kwenye mwaka 1941. Katika miezi 6 ya utawala wa Wajerumani na Waromania, asilimia 80 ya Wayahudi wa Odessa waliuawa. Maadui walifukuzwa mjini katika Aprili 1944. Majengo mengi yaliharibika lakini serikali iliongoza matengenezo ya mji kufuatana na mfano wa awali katika miongo baada ya vita.

Mnamo 1991, baada ya kuporomoka kwa ukomunisti na Umoja wa Kisovyeti, Odessa ilikuwa mji wa Ukraine mpya iliyojitegemea.

Leo Odessa ni jiji la karibu watu milioni 1.1. Viwanda vya jiji ni pamoja na ujenzi wa meli, kusafisha mafuta, kemikali, utengenezaji wa madini na usindikaji wa chakula. Odessa pia ni msingi wa Jeshi la majini la Ukraine na bandari ya uvuvi. Inajulikana pia kwa soko lake kubwa la nje, Soko la Saba-Kilomita.

Uchumi

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Bandari ya Odessa ni bandari kuu ya Ukraine.
Arcadia ni mtaa wa majengo mapya na maduka mengi

Uchumi wa Odessa unatokana na nafasi yake kuwa bandari muhimu. Mawasiliano ya meli hayasumbuliwi na barafu. Iko karibu na midomo ya mito mikubwa kama Dnepr, the Bug, Dnestr na Danubi inayowezesha usafirishaji wa bidhaa kwenda nchi za bara.[7]

Wakati wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, Odessa ilikuwa bandari iliyoshughulika mizigo mingi ya nchi. Bandari huwa na vitengo vya kupokea na kupakua mafuta na gesi, mizigo mikavu na abiria. Mwaka 2007 bandari ya Odessa ilishughulika tani 31,368,000 za mizigo.[8] [9]

Bandari hii ni pia nyumbani kwa wanamaji wa Ukraine.

Mawasiliano ya reli ni muhimu kwa usafirishaji kutoka au kwenda bandarini.

Takriban asilimia 5 za uzalishaji wote wa tasnia ya Ukraine unatokea hapa.

Utamaduni

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Lugha ya kwanza inayozungumzwa ni Kirusi pamoja na Kiukraine ambacho ni lugha rasmi nchini. Jiji ni mchanganyiko wa mataifa na makabila mengi, pamoja na Waukraine, Warusi, Wayahudi, Wagiriki, Wamoldova, Wabulgaria, Waarmenia na Waturuki.

Picha

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  • Majengo ya zamani yamakarabatiwa
    Majengo ya zamani yamakarabatiwa
  • Mansipaa ya Odessa
    Mansipaa ya Odessa
  • Uwanja wa Katharina II pamoja na sanamu yake
    Uwanja wa Katharina II pamoja na sanamu yake
  • Kanisa Kuu la Kiorthodoksi Odessa
    Kanisa Kuu la Kiorthodoksi Odessa
  • Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba
    Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba
  • Bandari ya Odessa
    Bandari ya Odessa

Tanbihi

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ "Resolution no. 55 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, January 27, 2010". zakon2.rada.gov.ua (kwa ukr). Iliwekwa mnamo 2017-04-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ↑ "Чисельність наявного населення України (Actual population of Ukraine)" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  3. ↑ "History of Odessa". Odessa Online. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2019-11-06. Iliwekwa mnamo Mei 1, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ About Odessa, tovuti ya Odessa Info, iliangaliwa Novemba 2019
  5. ↑ Herlihy, Patricia (1977). "The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century": p. 53. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ "The Jewish Community of Odessa". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-09-21. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-11-23.
  7. ↑ Kravtsiv, Bohdan (2012). "Odesa". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\O\D\Odesa.htm. Retrieved 4 November 2014. "Odesa is situated on a large, virtually ice-free bay on the Black Sea, near the mouths of the Danube River, the Dnister River, the Boh River, and the Dnieper River, which link it with the interior of the country."
  8. ↑ Ассоциация портов Украины и всего Чёрного моря: члены kutoka [1], iliangaliwa 29 February 2012
  9. ↑ "Ports of Ukraine". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 9 Novemba 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Marejeo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Kujisomea

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  • Dallin, Alexander (1998). Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule. Iaşi: Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98391-1-8. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Februari 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Novemba 2009.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Complete book available online.
  • Friedberg, Maurice (1991). How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7987-3. Two reviews Archived 29 Juni 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
  • Ghervas, Stella (2008). "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique". Katika Ghervas, Stella; Rosset, François (whr.). Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 978-2-7351-1182-4.
  • Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris: Honoré Champion. ISBN 978-2-7453-1669-1.
  • Gubar, Oleg (2004). Odessa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings. Odessa: Optimum. ISBN 966-8072-86-3.
  • Herlihy, Patricia (1979–1980). "Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 3 (4): 399–420. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 29 Mei 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • Herlihy, Patricia (1987). Odessa: A History, 1794–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-916458-15-6. (hardcover), ISBN 0-916458-43-1}} (1991 paperback reprint)
  • Herlihy, Patricia (2002). "Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia". Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914 * Herlihy, Patricia (2003). "Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities". Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts. 2. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: 182–198. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-421-05522-X * Herlihy, Patricia; Gubar, Oleg (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth". Katika Czaplicka, John; Gelazis, Nida; Ruble, Blair A. (whr.). Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9191-5. * Kaufman, Bel; Oleg Gubar (Contributor), Alexander Rozenboim (Contributor), Nicholas V. Iljine (Editor), Patricia Herlihy (Editor) (2004). Odessa Memories. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98345-0. {{cite book}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) * King, Charles (2011). Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07084-2. * Kononova, G. (1984). Odessa: A Guide. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. OCLC 12344892. * Makolkin, Anna (2004). A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6272-4. * Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-545-9. * Orbach, Alexander (1997). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871. Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No. 4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-06175-4. * Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture". Slavic Review. 60 (4): 781–801. doi:10.2307/2697495. JSTOR 2697495. * Skinner, Frederick W. (1986). "Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization". The City in Late Imperial Russia. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31370-8. * Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History. 27 (2): 131–157. doi:10.1177/009614420102700201. PMID 18333319. * Tanny, Jarrod (2011). City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35646-8. (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-253-22328-9|3-421-05522-X * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000001D-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFHerlihyGubar,_Oleg2008" class="citation book cs1">[[Patricia Herlihy|Herlihy, Patricia]]; Gubar, Oleg (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth". Katika Czaplicka, John; Gelazis, Nida; Ruble, Blair A. (whr.). ''Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity''. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9191-5|<bdi>978-0-8018-9191-5</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Persuasive+Power+of+the+Odessa+Myth&rft.btitle=Cities+after+the+Fall+of+Communism%3A+Reshaping+Cultural+Landscapes+and+European+Identity&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press+and+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9191-5&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Gubar%2C+Oleg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000001E-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFKaufmanOleg_Gubar_(Contributor),_Alexander_Rozenboim_(Contributor),_Nicholas_V._Iljine_(Editor),_Patricia_Herlihy_(Editor)2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Bel; Oleg Gubar (Contributor), Alexander Rozenboim (Contributor), Nicholas&nbsp;V. Iljine (Editor), [[Patricia Herlihy]] (Editor) (2004). [https://archive.org/details/odessamemoriessa00nico ''Odessa Memories'']. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-295-98345-0|<bdi>0-295-98345-0</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa+Memories&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-98345-0&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Bel&rft.au=Oleg+Gubar+%28Contributor%29%2C+Alexander+Rozenboim+%28Contributor%29%2C+Nicholas+V.+Iljine+%28Editor%29%2C+Patricia+Herlihy+%28Editor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodessamemoriessa00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{[[Template:cite book|cite book]]}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">&#124;author2=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic_name|help]])</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span>[[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]][[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000001F-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2011). ''Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams''. W. W. Norton & Company. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07084-2|<bdi>978-0-393-07084-2</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+Genius+and+Death+in+a+City+of+Dreams&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07084-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000020-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFKononova1984" class="citation book cs1">Kononova, G. (1984). ''Odessa: A Guide''. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12344892 12344892].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Raduga+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12344892&rft.aulast=Kononova&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000021-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFMakolkin2004" class="citation book cs1">Makolkin, Anna (2004). ''A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony''. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7734-6272-4|<bdi>0-7734-6272-4</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Odessa%2C+the+Last+Italian+Black+Sea+Colony&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7734-6272-4&rft.aulast=Makolkin&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000022-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFMazis2004" class="citation book cs1">Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). ''The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia''. East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-88033-545-9|<bdi>0-88033-545-9</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greeks+of+Odessa%3A+Diaspora+Leadership+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=East+European+Monographs&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88033-545-9&rft.aulast=Mazis&rft.aufirst=John+Athanasios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000023-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFOrbach1997" class="citation book cs1">Orbach, Alexander (1997). ''New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871''. Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No.&nbsp;4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/90-04-06175-4|<bdi>90-04-06175-4</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Voices+of+Russian+Jewry%3A+A+Study+of+the+Russian-Jewish+Press+of+Odessa+in+the+Era+of+the+Great+Reforms%2C+1860%E2%80%931871&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Studies+in+Judaism+in+Modern+Times%2C+No.+4&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-06175-4&rft.aulast=Orbach&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000024-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFRothstein2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). [https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_winter-2001_60_4/page/781 "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture"]. ''[[Slavic Review]]''. <b>60</b> (4): 781–801. [[doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2697495 10.2307/2697495]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697495 2697495].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=How+It+Was+Sung+in+Odessa%3A+At+the+Intersection+of+Russian+and+Yiddish+Folk+Culture&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=781-801&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2697495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697495%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_slavic-review_winter-2001_60_4%2Fpage%2F781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000025-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFSkinner1986" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, Frederick&nbsp;W. (1986). [https://archive.org/details/cityinlateimperi00ons1 "Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization"]. ''The City in Late Imperial Russia''. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-253-31370-8|<bdi>0-253-31370-8</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odessa+and+the+Problem+of+Urban+Modernization&rft.btitle=The+City+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.series=Indiana%E2%80%93Michigan+Series+in+Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-253-31370-8&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityinlateimperi00ons1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000026-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFSylvester2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). [https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urban-history_2001-01_27_2/page/131 "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa"]. ''Journal of Urban History''. <b>27</b> (2): 131–157. [[doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009614420102700201 10.1177/009614420102700201]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18333319 18333319].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=City+of+Thieves%3A+Moldavanka%2C+Criminality%2C+and+Respectability+in+Prerevolutionary+Odessa&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-157&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009614420102700201&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18333319&rft.aulast=Sylvester&rft.aufirst=Roshanna+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-urban-history_2001-01_27_2%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> * '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000027-QINU`"'<cite id="CITEREFTanny2011" class="citation book cs1">Tanny, Jarrod (2011). ''City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa''. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35646-8|<bdi>978-0-253-35646-8</bdi>]].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Rogues+and+Schnorrers%3A+Russia%27s+Jews+and+the+Myth+of+Old+Odessa&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35646-8&rft.aulast=Tanny&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsw.wikipedia.org%3AOdessa" class="Z3988"></span> (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-253-22328-9]]. {{cite journal}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); External link in |isbn= (help); line feed character in |isbn= at position 14 (help) (paperback) * Weinberg, Robert (1992). "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study". Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40532-7. * Weinberg, Robert (1993). The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-36381-0. ** Herlihy, Patricia (1994). "Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps by Robert Weinberg". Journal of Social History. 28 (2): 435–437. doi:10.1353/jsh/28.2.435. JSTOR 3788930. * Zipperstein, Steven J. (1991) [1986]. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1251-4. (hardcover), ISBN 0-8047-1962-4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6750-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 44 (help) (paperback reprint)

Viungo vya nje

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Angalia mengine kuhusu Odessa kwenye miradi mingine ya Wikimedia:
Fafanuzi za Kiingereza kutoka Wiktionary
picha na media kutoka Commons
misaada ya kujisomea kwa Kiingereza kutoka Wikiversity
nukuu kutoka Wikiquote
matini za ushuhuda na vyanzo kutoka Wikisource
vitabu kutoka Wikibooks
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odessa&oldid=1321317"