Odessa

Majengo ya Odessa.

Ramani ya Odessa katika Ukraine.

Odessa (kwa Kiukraine: Оде́са) ni jiji na bandari muhimu kusini magharibi mwa Ukraine. Ni makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Odessa. Jiji hilo liko kwenye mwambao wa Bahari Nyeusi.

Idadi ya wakazi ilihesabiwa kuwa 1,016,000 mwaka 2021.

Historia

Ngazi kubwa mjini Odessa ilitumiwa kwa picha za filamu maarufu ya "Manowari Potemkin" ya Sergei Eisenstein.

Vyanzo

Wagiriki wa Kale waliwahi kujenga hapa mji uliogunduliwa na wanaakiolojia.

Hakuna habari za uhakika zaidi hadi karne za kati, wakati mwambao wa kaskazini wa Bahari Nyeusi ulitawaliwa na Watartari, wasemaji wa lugha za Kiturki. Mtawala wao wa Krim alijenga hapa ngome na mji mnamo 1440 kwa jina la Hacibey. Tangu mwaka 1529 ngome na bandari hiyo ilikuwa sehemu ya Milki ya Osmani kwa jina la Khadjibey.

Katika vita ya Urusi dhidi ya Waosmani ya miaka 1787–1792 ilivamiwa na Warusi na kuwa sehemu ya Milki ya Urusi .

Mji mpya ya Odessa

Mwaka 1794 malkia Katharina II wa Urusi aliamuru mji wa kisasa kujengwa penye ngome ya kale na kuufanya kitovu cha "Urusi Mpya", mkoa ulioanzishwa katika maeneo yaliyotwaliwa kutoka kwa Waosmani. Mji huo ulipangwa na kupanua kufuatana na ramani iliyoandaliwa na mhandisi Mholanzi Frans de Vollan.

Mwaka 1795 jina la Kiturki lilibadilishwa kuwa Odessa kwa kumbukumbu ya koloni la Wagiriki wa Kale katika eneo hili. Malkia Katharina alimteua mkabaila Mfaransa Duc de Richelieu, aliyewahi kukimbia mapinduzi ya Ufaransa, kuwa gavana wa Odessa. Huyu alisimamia ujenzi wa mji mpya na kuurembesha. Majengo mengi ya kipindi kile hufanana na usanifu wa nyumbaUfaransa na Italia.

Odessa ilikua haraka kwa sababu mwaka 1817 ilikuwa "bandari huru" ambako wafanyabiashara waliruhusiwa kuingiza bidhaa kutoka nje bila kulipa kodi ya forodha. Ilikuwa bandari muhimu ya Urusi kwenye bahari isiyo na baridi - tofauti na bandari za kaskazini ya Urusi- na kufaa kwa biashara ya kuuza nje nafaka zilizozalishwa kwa wingi kusini mwa Urusi.

Mwaka 1866 mji uliunganishwa na njia ya reli kwenda Kiev.

Katika karne ya 19 Odessa ilikuwa mji wa nne kwa ukubwa katika Milki ya Urusi, baada ya Moscow, Sankt Peterburg na Warsaw.

Katika karne ya 19 Wayahudi wengi kutoka sehemu za Poland walihamia Odessa. Mnamo mwaka 1900 theluthi moja ya wakazi walikuwa Wayahudi. Sehemu ya Wakristo Waorthodoksi waliwachukia na kulikuwa mara kadhaa na mashambulio dhidi ya Wayahudi zilizoitwa pogromu.

Karne ya 20

Mnamo mwaka 1905 Odessa iliona ghasia ya wanamaji wa manowari Potemkin dhidi ya serikali ya kifalme; ghasia hii ilifuatwa na pogromu kubwa dhidi ya Wayahudi wa mji. Sehemu ya Wayahudi hao walianza kuhama Odessa na wachache walitafuta makazi mapya huko Palestina .

Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, Odessa ilikuwa sehemu ya jamhuri mpya ya Ukraine katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti.

Kwenye Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia, Odessa ilivamiwa na majeshi ya Ujerumani na Romania kwenye mwaka 1941. Katika miezi 6 ya utawala wa Wajerumani na Waromania, asilimia 80 ya Wayahudi wa Odessa waliuawa. Maadui walifukuzwa mjini katika Aprili 1944. Majengo mengi yaliharibika lakini serikali iliongoza matengenezo ya mji kufuatana na mfano wa awali katika miongo baada ya vita.

Mnamo 1991, baada ya kuporomoka kwa ukomunisti na Umoja wa Kisovyeti, Odessa ilikuwa mji wa Ukraine mpya iliyojitegemea.

Leo Odessa ni jiji la karibu watu milioni 1.1. Viwanda vya jiji ni pamoja na ujenzi wa meli, kusafisha mafuta, kemikali, utengenezaji wa madini na usindikaji wa chakula. Odessa pia ni msingi wa Jeshi la majini la Ukraine na bandari ya uvuvi. Inajulikana pia kwa soko lake kubwa la nje, Soko la Saba-Kilomita.

Uchumi

Bandari ya Odessa ni bandari kuu ya Ukraine.

Arcadia ni mtaa wa majengo mapya na maduka mengi

Uchumi wa Odessa unatokana na nafasi yake kuwa bandari muhimu. Mawasiliano ya meli hayasumbuliwi na barafu. Iko karibu na midomo ya mito mikubwa kama Dnepr, the Bug, Dnestr na Danubi inayowezesha usafirishaji wa bidhaa kwenda nchi za bara.

Wakati wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti, Odessa ilikuwa bandari iliyoshughulika mizigo mingi ya nchi. Bandari huwa na vitengo vya kupokea na kupakua mafuta na gesi, mizigo mikavu na abiria. Mwaka 2007 bandari ya Odessa ilishughulika tani 31,368,000 za mizigo.

Bandari hii ni pia nyumbani kwa wanamaji wa Ukraine.

Mawasiliano ya reli ni muhimu kwa usafirishaji kutoka au kwenda bandarini.

Takriban asilimia 5 za uzalishaji wote wa tasnia ya Ukraine unatokea hapa.

Utamaduni

Lugha ya kwanza inayozungumzwa ni Kirusi pamoja na Kiukraine ambacho ni lugha rasmi nchini. Jiji ni mchanganyiko wa mataifa na makabila mengi, pamoja na Waukraine, Warusi, Wayahudi, Wagiriki, Wamoldova, Wabulgaria, Waarmenia na Waturuki.

Picha

• 

  Majengo ya zamani yamakarabatiwa

• 

  Mansipaa ya Odessa

• 

  Uwanja wa Katharina II pamoja na sanamu yake

• 

  Kanisa Kuu la Kiorthodoksi Odessa

• 

  Chuo Kikuu cha Tiba

• 

  Bandari ya Odessa

Marejeo

• Richardson, Tanya (2008). Kaleidoscopic Odessa: History and Place in Contemporary Ukraine. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9563-3. Retrieved on 7 November 2009. 
• Imperial, Odessa Society of History and Artifacts (1848). Notes of the Imperial Odessa Society of History and Artifacts. Vol.2. Odessa: Odessa City Typography. 
• Yefimenko, Aleksandra (2018). History of Ukraine and its people (История Украйны и ее народа). Litres. ISBN 9785457887299. 

Kujisomea

• Dallin, Alexander (1998). Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule. Iaşi: Center for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98391-1-8.  Complete book available online.
• Friedberg, Maurice (1991). How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-7987-3.  Two reviews
• Ghervas, Stella (2008). "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique", Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites. Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. ISBN 978-2-7351-1182-4. 
• Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris: Honoré Champion. ISBN 978-2-7453-1669-1. 
• Gubar, Oleg (2004). Odessa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings. Odessa: Optimum. ISBN 966-8072-86-3. 
• Herlihy, Patricia (1979–1980). "Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century". Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3 (4): 399–420. http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf.
• Herlihy, Patricia (1987). Odessa: A History, 1794–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-916458-15-6.  (hardcover), ISBN 0-916458-43-1}} (1991 paperback reprint)
• Herlihy, Patricia (2002). "Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia", Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914
• Herlihy, Patricia (2003). "Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities". Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts (München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt) 2: 182–198.
• Herlihy, Patricia (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth", Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9191-5. 
• Kaufman, Bel (2004). Odessa Memories. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98345-0. 
• King, Charles (2011). Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07084-2. 
• Kononova, G. (1984). Odessa: A Guide. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. OCLC 12344892. 
• Makolkin, Anna (2004). A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6272-4. 
• Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia, East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-545-9. 
• Orbach, Alexander (1997). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871, Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No. 4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-06175-4. 
• Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture". Slavic Review 60 (4): 781–801.

     . https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_winter-2001_60_4/page/781.

• Skinner, Frederick W. (1986). "Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization", The City in Late Imperial Russia, Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31370-8. 
• Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History 27 (2): 131–157.

     . . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urban-history_2001-01_27_2/page/131.

• Tanny, Jarrod (2011). City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35646-8.  (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-253-22328-9|3-421-05522-X
• Herlihy, Patricia (2008). "The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth", Cities after the Fall of Communism: Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9191-5. 
• Kaufman, Bel (2004). Odessa Memories. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98345-0. 
• King, Charles (2011). Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07084-2. 
• Kononova, G. (1984). Odessa: A Guide. Moscow: Raduga Publishers. OCLC 12344892. 
• Makolkin, Anna (2004). A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 0-7734-6272-4. 
• Mazis, John Athanasios (2004). The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia, East European Monographs. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-88033-545-9. 
• Orbach, Alexander (1997). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871, Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No. 4. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-06175-4. 
• Rothstein, Robert A. (2001). "How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture". Slavic Review 60 (4): 781–801.

     . https://archive.org/details/sim_slavic-review_winter-2001_60_4/page/781.

• Skinner, Frederick W. (1986). "Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization", The City in Late Imperial Russia, Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31370-8. 
• Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2001). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History 27 (2): 131–157.

     . . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-urban-history_2001-01_27_2/page/131.

• Tanny, Jarrod (2011). City of Rogues and Schnorrers: Russia's Jews and the Myth of Old Odessa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35646-8.  (hardcover); ISBN 978-0-253-22328-9]]

      . (paperback)

• Weinberg, Robert (1992). "The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study", Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-40532-7. 
• Weinberg, Robert (1993). The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps, Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-36381-0. 
  • Herlihy, Patricia (1994). "Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps by Robert Weinberg". Journal of Social History 28 (2): 435–437.

     . https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_winter-1994_28_2/page/435.

• Zipperstein, Steven J. [1986] (1991). The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1251-4.  (hardcover), ISBN 0-8047-1962-4. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6750-9.  (paperback reprint)

Viungo vya nje

• Official Odessa web page. Odessa City Council, Information Dept. Jalada kutoka ya awali juu ya 2020-05-13. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-11-23. Ukrainian and Russian
• Official Odessa Map Portal. Jalada kutoka ya awali juu ya 2010-08-11. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-11-23. Russian, Ukrainian, and English versions of Maps
• Map of the current public transport routes in Odessa. English (Ukrainian and Russian versions also available)
• The murder of the Jews of Odessa Archived 29 Januari 2022 at the Wayback Machine. during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
• The Jewish Community of Odessa, Archived 21 Septemba 2020 at the Wayback Machine. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
• Odessa yesterday. Odessa today. Images gallery. Prospekt Group Archived 22 Julai 2016 at the Wayback Machine.