Calvin

John Calvin, kwa Kifaransa Jean Calvin au kizamani Jehan Cauvin (10 Julai 1509 - 27 Mei 1564) alikuwa mwanateolojia toka Ufaransa aliyeanzisha madhehebu maalumu ya Ukristo katika karne ya 16 akiunga mkono Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti yaliyoanzishwa na Martin Luther nchini Ujerumani, lakini kwa kutofautiana naye katika mafundisho mbalimbali.

Mwalimu huyo aliandika kitabu akiweka mkazo kuelezea jinsi mapenzi ya Mungu yalivyokwishaamua juu ya maisha ya mwanadamu kabla ya huyo kuamua mwenyewe.

Maisha

Kisha kusoma kwa maelekeo ya Renaissance na kuwa mwanasheria, alijitenga na Kanisa Katoliki mwaka 1530 hivi.

Kutokana na mapigano ya kidini yaliyozuka Ufaransa, alikimbilia Basel, Uswisi, alipochapa toleo la kwanza la kitabu chake maarufu zaidi, Institutiones Christianae Religionis mwaka 1536.

Mwaka huohuo William Farel alimualika Geneva, lakini halmashauri ya mji ilikataa kutekeleza mapendekezo yao ikawafukuza.

Hapo Martin Bucer alimuita Calvin huko Strasbourg, alipoongoza Waprotestanti waliokimbia Ufaransa, akiendelea kuhimiza matengenezo mjini Geneva, ambapo hatimaye alikaribishwa kurudi kama kiongozi wa dini.

Huko Calvin aliingiza miundo mipya ya uongozi na aina mpya za liturujia, akishinda upinzani wote.

Wakati huo alifanya halmashauri ya mji imuhukumu adhabu ya kifo Michael Servetus, Mhispania aliyetazamwa na wote kama mzushi.

Baada ya wakimbizi wengi kuhamia Geneva, uchaguzi mpya uliwezesha kufukuza toka mji huo waliompinga Calvin.

Miaka yake ya mwisho aliitumia kueneza matengenezo yake kote Ulaya, akiacha nyuma yake madhehebu ya Reformed, Congregationalists na Presbyterians, ambayo leo yana jumla ya waamini zaidi ya milioni 80, wengi wao wakiwa wameunganika katika "World Communion of Reformed Churches".

Calvin alitetea kwa ukali misimamo yake na kusababisha mabishano mengi.

Pamoja na Institutiones, aliandika vitabu vingi vya ufafanuzi wa Biblia, teolojia na maungamo ya imani, bila kuacha kuhubiri wiki nzima.

Calvin aliathiriwa na Agostino wa Hippo hata kukazia mafundisho yake kuhusu uteule kutokana na imani ya kwamba wokovu wa binadamu unamtegemea Mungu tu.

Tathmini

Tofauti na Luther, Calvin alijaribu moja kwa moja kujenga kanisa jipya kwenye msingi wa Biblia.

Hakupenda kuchukua urithi wowote wa Kanisa Katoliki, akaunda kila kitu upya kufuatana na jinsi alivyoelewa Biblia.

Katika utawala alikataa cheo cha uaskofu akaona kanisa liongozwe na wazee wa kuchaguliwa. Kutokana na neno wazee katika lugha ya Agano Jipya (Kigiriki) "presbyuteroi", kanisa lake linaitwa pia la "Wapresbiteri". Wafuasi wake huitwa pia "Wareformati" (to reform = kutengeneza upya). Maana yake walikataa desturi zote wasizoziona katika Biblia, wakati Luther alizikubali zile alizoziona hazipingi Biblia.

Katika ibada zao, Wareformati wanakataa altari, picha za kupamba kanisa au kuimba liturujia, wakati ibada ya Kilutheri ni Misa ya Kikatoliki iliyobadilishwa kufuatana na mawazo ya Luther. Katika jambo hilo hawakupatana na ndiyo sababu kwa muda mrefu Walutheri na Wareformati walishindwa kuwa na ibada za pamoja, lakini siku hizi wanaelewana.

Mafundisho hayo kutoka Uswisi yalienea katika nchi kama Ufaransa, Uskoti na Uholanzi. Hata Wamoravia walichukua sehemu ya mafundisho ya Wareformati, hasa juu ya Chakula cha Bwana, wakimfuata Luther katika mambo mengine.

Afrika Kusini urithi wa kidini wa Makaburu ni wa Kireformati kwa sababu babu zao walitokea Uholanzi na Ufaransa.

Vilevile ni wamisionari kutoka Uswisi na Uskoti walioanzisha mapema makanisa ya Kipresbiteri Malawi, Kenya na Afrika Magharibi.

Tanbihi

Marejeo

Baron, Salo (1972), "John Calvin and the Jews", katika Feldman, Leon A. (mhr.), Ancient and Medieval Jewish History, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, OCLC 463285878 (originally published 1965).
Berg, Machiel A. van den (2009), Friends of Calvin, Grand Rapids, Mi.: Wm.B.Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 9780802862273
Bouwsma, William James (1988), John Calvin: A Sixteenth-Century Portrait, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504394-4.
Calvin, John (1989) [1564], Institutio Christianae religionis (kwa latin), Translated by Henry Beveridge, Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Cottret, Bernard (2000) [1995], Calvin: Biographie (kwa French), Translated by M. Wallace McDonald, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, ISBN 0-8028-3159-1 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
De Greef, Wulfert (2004), "Calvin's writings", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
———————— (2008), The Writings of John Calvin: An Introductory Guide, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 0-664-23230-2
Detmers, Achim (2006), "Calvin, the Jews, and Judaism", katika Bell, Dean Phillip; Burnett, Stephen G. (whr.), Jews, Judaism, and the Reformation in Sixteenth-Century Germany, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-14947-2.
DeVries, Dawn (2004), "Calvin's preaching", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Dyer, Thomas Henry (1850), The Life of John Calvin, London: John Murray
Gamble, Richard C. (2004), "Calvin's controversies", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Ganoczy, Alexandre (2004), "Calvin's life", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Gerrish, R. A. (2004), "The place of Calvin in Christian theology", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Graham, W. Fred (1971), The Constructive Revolutionary: John Calvin and His Socio-Economic Impact, Richmond, Virginia: John Knox Press, ISBN 0-8042-0880-8.
Helm, Paul (2004), John Calvin's Ideas, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925569-5.
Heron, Alasdair (2005), Lacoste, Jean-Yves (mhr.), "John Calvin", Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, New York: CRC Press.
Hesselink, I. John (2004), "Calvin's theology", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Holder, R. Ward (2004), "Calvin's heritage", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Lane, Anthony N.S. (2009), "Calvin's Institutes", A Reader's Guide, Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8010-3731-3
Lange van Ravenswaay, J. Marius J. (2009) [2008], "Calvin and the Jews", katika Selderhuis, Herman J. (mhr.), Calvijn Handboek (kwa Dutch), Translated by Kampen Kok, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., ISBN 978-0-8028-6230-3 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
Manetsch, Scott M. (2013), Calvin’s Company of Pastors: Pastoral Care and the Emerging Reformed Church, 1536–1609, Oxford Studies in Historical Theology, New York: Oxford University Press
McDonnell, Kilian (1967), John Calvin, the Church, and the Eucharist, Princeton: Princeton University Press, OCLC 318418.
McGrath, Alister E. (1990), A Life of John Calvin, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-16398-0.
McNeil, John Thomas (1954), The History and Character of Calvinism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-500743-3.
Niesel, Wilhelm (1980), The Theology of Calvin, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, ISBN 0-8010-6694-8.
Olsen, Jeannine E. (2004), "Calvin and social-ethical issues", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Pak, G. Sujin (2010), The Judaizing Calvin, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-537192-5.
Parker, T. H. L. (1995), Calvin: An Introduction to His Thought, London: Geoffrey Chapman, ISBN 0-225-66575-1.
——————— (1975), John Calvin, Tring, Hertfordshire, England: Lion Publishing plc, ISBN 0-7459-1219-2.
——————— (2006), John Calvin: A Biography, Oxford: Lion Hudson plc, ISBN 978-0-7459-5228-4.
Pater, Calvin Augustus (1987), "Calvin, the Jews, and the Judaic Legacy", katika Furcha, E. J. (mhr.), In Honor of John Calvin: Papers from the 1986 International Calvin Symposium, Montreal: McGill University Press, ISBN 978-0-7717-0171-9.
Pettegree, Andrew (2004), "The spread of Calvin's thought", katika McKim, Donald K. (mhr.), The Cambridge Companion to John Calvin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-01672-8
Potter, G. R.; Greengrass, M. (1983), John Calvin, London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., ISBN 0-7131-6381-X.
Steinmetz, David C. (1995), Calvin in Context, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509164-7.
————————— (2009), "Calvin as Biblical Interpreter Among the Ancient Philosophers", Interpretation, 63 (2): 142–153, doi:10.1177/002096430906300204

Marejeo mengine

Balserak, Jon (2014), John Calvin as Sixteenth-Century Prophet, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-198-70325-9.
Backus, Irena; Benedict, Philip, whr. (2011). Calvin and His Influence, 1509–2009. Oxford University Press.
Gordon, Bruce (2009), Calvin, London/New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-17084-9.
Muller, Richard A. (2001). The Unaccommodated Calvin: Studies in the Foundation of a Theological Tradition. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-515168-8.
Sewell, Alida Leni (2011). Calvin, the Body and Sexuality: An Inquiry into His Anthropology. Amsterdam: VU University Press. ISBN 978-90-8659-587-7.
Tamburello, Dennis E. (2007), Union with Christ: John Calvin and the Mysticism of St. Bernard, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 0-664-22054-1 ISBN 978-0-664-22054-9

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