Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo
Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo ni familia kubwa zaidi ya lugha zilizoonyeshwa kuwa na uhusiano barani Afrika. Lugha hizo zina mifumo maalumu ya vikundi vya majina na zinaunda msingi wa nadharia ya familia ya lugha za Kiniger-Kongo. Lugha hizo zinajumuisha karibu lugha zote za Kiniger-Congo isipokuwa Kimande, Kidogon, Kijoid, Kisiamou, Kikru, na lugha za Katla na Rashad (ambazo hapo awali zilijulikana kama Kikordofanian), na pengine baadhi au zote za lugha za Ubangi. Nadharia ya "Western Nigritic" ya Hans Gunther Mukanovsky ilikuwa inahusiana zaidi na Kiatlantiki-Kongo ya kisasa.
Msamiati linganishi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mfano wa msamiati wa msingi kwa lugha za proto zilizorekebishwa za matawi mbalimbali ya Kiatlantiki-Kongo:
| Tawi | Lugha | jicho | sikio | pua | jino | ulimi | mdomo | damu | mfupa | mti | maji | kula | jina |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Western Nigritic" (roughly Atlantic–Congo) |
Proto-"Western Nigritic" | *-nín-, *-nínu | *-thúi, *-thú- | *-míl-, *-míla | *-nín- (*-níghin-) | *-líma (*-líami); *-lélum- (*-lúm-) | *-níana; *-níuna (*-núa) | *-ghìá; *-kàl- | *-khwúpà | *-tí | *-lingi | *di- | *-ghínà |
| Benue-Congo | Proto-Benue-Congo[1] | *-lito | *-tuŋi | *-zua | *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo | *-lemi; *-lake | *-zi; *-luŋ | *-kupe | *-titi; *-kwon | *-izi; *-ni | *-zina | ||
| Bantu | Proto-Bantu[2] | *i=jíco | *kʊ=tʊ́i | *i=jʊ́lʊ | *i=jíno; *i=gego | *lʊ=lɪ́mi | *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo | *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga | *i=kúpa | *mʊ=tɪ́ | *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) | *=lɪ́ -a | *i=jína |
| Yoruboid | Proto-Yoruboid language[3] | *é-jú | *é-tí | *ímṵ́ | *éŋḭ́ | Yor. ahá̰ | *ɛ́lṵ ? | *ɛ̀-gyɛ̀ | *égbṵ́gbṵ́ | Yor. igi | *ó-mḭ | *jɛṵ | *órú- ? |
| Gbe | Proto-Gbe[4] | *-tó | *aɖú | *-ɖɛ́ | *-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá | *-ʁʷũ | *-χʷú | *-tĩ́ | *-tsĩ | *ɖu | *yĩ́kɔ́ | ||
| Gur | Proto-Central Gur[5] | *me (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) | *ye (Gurunsi, Kurumfe) | *ñam, *ñim (Oti-Volta, Kurumfe) | *ʔob, *ʔo | *tɪ (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) | *ni, *ne; *nã (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) | *di | *yɪɗ, *yɪd (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) | ||||
| Gbaya | Proto-Gbaya[6] | *gbà.l̥í/l̥í | *zɛ̀rà | *zɔ̰̀p | *ɲín | *léɓé ~ lémbè | *nú | *tɔ̀k | *gbà̰là̰ | *l̥ì | *tè | *ɲɔŋ/l̥i | *l̥ín ~ l̥íŋ |
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Wolf, Paul de (1971). The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. doi:10.1515/9783110905311. ISBN 9783110905311.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. (2003). "Historical linguistics". Katika Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard (whr.). The Bantu Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-700-71134-5.
- ↑ Aubry, N.; Friedman, H.; Pozdniakov, K. (2004). "Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list" (PDF). Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2021-01-05.
- ↑ Capo, Hounkpati B.C. (1991). A Comparative Phonology of Gbe. doi:10.1515/9783110870534. ISBN 978-3-11-013392-9.
- ↑ Manessy, Gabriel (1979). Contribution à la classification généalogique des langues voltaïques. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 2852970635.
- ↑ Moñino, Yves (1988). Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Laboratoire de langues et civilisations à tradition orale, Dép. "Langues et parole en Afrique centrale". ISBN 9782705303532.
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