Israeli ya Kale

Israeli ya Kale ni taifa la watu walioitwa mwanzoni Wanaisraeli na baadaye pia Wayahudi. Ndilo taifa teule la Mwenyezi Mungu (YHWH) katika Tanakh au Biblia ya Kiebrania (kwa hiyo pia katika Agano la Kale lililo sehemu ya kwanza ya Biblia ya Kikristo.

Kihistoria waliishi katika nchi iliyoitwa Kanaani, halafu Israeli (baadaye pia Palestina) kuanzia mnamo 1200 KK hadi mwaka 70 BK Waroma wa Kale walipovamia na kuharibu Yerusalemu, ambao tena mwaka 135 waliwafukuza wote kutoka nchi yao.

Mwanzo na mwisho wa historia ya Israeli ya Kale

Historia ya Israeli ya Kale inaanza tangu kupatikana kwa taifa hilo katika nchi yake inayoitwa Israeli. Kufuatana na masimulizi ya Agano la Kale taifa la Israeli lilianzishwa na Wanaisraeli waliotoka Misri chini ya uongozi wa Musa na kuvamia Kanaani mnamo mwaka 1200 KK chini ya Yoshua. Wataalamu wengine wa kisasa wanaona kwamba taifa lilitokea hasa ndani ya nchi kwa kuungana kwa vikundi mbalimbali.

Muungano huo wa vikundi na makabila ukawa taifa na kuunda ufalme wa kwanza wa Israeli wakati wa mfalme Sauli aliyefuatwa na Daudi na mwanae Suleimani.

Baada ya kifo cha Suleimani likatokea farakano na jina la "Israeli" likatumiwa na ufalme wa kaskazini, wakati mji mkuu wa kale Yerusalemu ukaendelea kama mji mkuu wa ufalme wa Yuda.

Falme zote mbili zilishindwa katika vita na kuanzia mwaka 587 KK hapakuwa tena na dola la kujitegemea, bali eneo lilikuwa chini ya falme mbalimbali kama vile Babiloni, Uajemi na Ugiriki wa Kale.

Lakini harakati za Wamakabayo za kurudisha uhuru uliweza kuwafukuza Wagiriki na kuanzisha ufalme wa Kiyahudi kati ya 140 KK hadi 4 KK.

Hata hivyo kuanzia mwaka 63 KK ufalme huo uliwekwa chini ya ulinzi wa Dola la Roma na polepole kugawiwa na hatimaye kuwa jimbo la Kiroma (tangu 70 BK).

Maangamizi ya Yerusalemu mwaka 70 BK huhesabiwa kama mwisho wa Israeli ya Kale. Wataalamu wengine wanaona tayari uvamizi wa mji wa 587 KK na Wababeli kama mwisho wa kipindi hiki na kuangalia kipindi kati ya 587 KK hadi 70 BK kama kipindi kipya.

Israeli wakati wa Yesu

Wakati wa Agano Jipya, mji wa Yerusalemu, pamoja na nchi ya Israeli/Palestina, vilikuwa chini ya Dola la Roma, ambalo lilitawala maeneo yote yanayozunguka bahari ya Mediteranea. Mkuu wa Dola alikuwa na cheo cha "Kaisari" akikaa mjini Roma (Italia).

Waroma walidai utiifu na kodi za mataifa na makabila yote yaliyokuwa chini yao. Lakini hawakuwa na neno juu ya utamaduni na dini za nchi hizo.

Utawala wa Kiroma ulirahisisha biashara na uchumi pamoja na mawasiliano katika maeneo haya yote. Waroma hawakuwa na mitambo ya injini lakini walikuwa wataalamu wa uhandisi. Walikuwa hodari sana kujenga barabara na nyumba za ghorofa. Majengo kadhaa waliyoyajenga husimama mpaka leo. Magofu ya miji yao yanaonekana leo hii kuanzia Misri na Algeria hadi Ujerumani na Asia. Wasanii wao walichonga sanamu za mawe za kudumu.

Israeli/Palestina ilikuwa na serikali yake ya Kiyahudi lakini pia na liwali au gavana wa Kiroma. Waroma walizima kwa ukali majaribio yote ya kupindua utawala wao. Wayahudi katika Israeli walijaribu mara mbili kuwafukuza Waroma nchini: miaka 66-73 na 135 BK. Kila safari Waroma walilipiza kisasi, wakichoma moto miji na vijiji na kuwafanya wananchi kuwa watumwa au kuwaua kabisa.

Vyanzo

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Marejeo mengine

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Viungo vya nje

Biblical History Ilihifadhiwa 2 Machi 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine. The Jewish History Resource Center - Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)
Holy land Maps Ilihifadhiwa 22 Agosti 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu.
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Israeli ya Kale kama enzi zake au matokeo yake?
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Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.