Mtindo wa Kigothi

Mtindo wa Kigothi (pia: Gotiki, kwa Kiingereza: Gothic style, Gothic architecture) katika usanifu majengo wa Ulaya ni mtindo ulioanza katika karne ya 12 na kutumika hadi mnamo 1500. Mtindo huo ulichukua nafasi ya mtindo wa Kiroma uliotumika kabla yake. Ulionekana pia katika matawi mengine ya sanaa. Katika karne ya 19 ulitumika upya kwa majengo makubwa katika mtindo wa Kigothi mamboleo.

Shabaha ya mtindo wa Kigothi

Vyanzo vya mtindo huo vilipatikana katika mabadiliko ya majengo yaliyobuniwa kufuatana na mtindo wa Kiroma na pia ubunifu wa nchi za Kiislamu.

Badiliko kubwa lilikuwa ni kupatikana kwa mwanga ulioweza kufika ndani ya jengo kupitia madirisha makubwa. Hapo wajenzi walihitaji kubuni njia za kupunguza unene wa kuta na nguzo bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo.

Shabaha ya ubunifu huo kwenye majengo ya kidini ilikuwa kuvuta roho ya waumini kuelekea juu.

Viashiria vya mtindo wa Kigothi

Sehemu za uundaji wa jengo kubwa la Kigothi

Kuna viashiria vitatu ambavyo vyote kwa pamoja vinatofautisha majengo makubwa ya Kigothi na mitindo mingine:

tao la kuchongoka (ing. pointed arch)
Kuba ubavu (ing. rib vault)
Kiegemezo cha nje (ing. flying buttress) yaani gadimu za nje za kuhimili uzito wa ukuta na paa.

Viashiria hivyo viliwawezesha wajenzi wa karne ya 12-13 kujenga majengo makubwa yenye nafasi kubwa ndani yake yaliyoruhusu kuingia kwa nuru nyingi iwezekanavyo kutokea nje. Madirisha yalipambwa kwa vioo vya rangi vilivyowapa wasanii nafasi ya kuonyesha habari za Biblia, za watakatifu au watu muhimu katika kanisa na serikali na hivyo kuwaelimisha waumini.

Changamoto ya kujenga ukumbi mkubwa wenye nuru ndani yake ilikuwa kuweka madirisha makubwa, ambayo kimsingi ni matundu yanayodhoofisha ukuta, bila kuhatarisha uthabiti wa jengo lote. Katika mitindo ya awali kama ya Kiroma kuongezeka kwa kimo kulihitaji kuwa na ukuta mnene na nguzo kubwa. Mifumo iliyotajwa iliruhusu kugawa uzito wa dari na jengo lote kugawiwa na kubebwa kupitia matao ya kuchongoka, bavu za kuba na gadimu za nje zilizokopea kani za masi ya juu. Wajenzi walihitaji elimu kubwa kuhusu mahitaji ya mahali pa jengo na misingi yake pamoja na kanuni za fizikia ya jengo.

Tabia zilizotajwa zinapatikana hasa katika makanisa mengi yaliyojengwa kote Ulaya katika karne za kati, lakini ilitumiwa pia kwenye majengo mengine kama kumbi za monasteri au shirika za wafanyabiashara kwenye miji, maboma ya watawala, vyuo vikuu au kwa kiasi tu kwenye majengo ya watu binafsi waliokuwa na utajiri wa kutosha wa kujenga kwa mawe na kwa kumwajiri mjenzi hodari.

Jina "Kigothi"

Wakati wake (kwenye karne za kati) mtindo huo uliitwa mara nyingi "wa Kifaransa" kwa sababu mifano yake ya kwanza ilitokea nchini Ufaransa. Baadaye wakati wa zama za mwamko (renaissance) kulikuwa na kipindi ambako watu waliona ni mtindo ambao haupendezi maana walilenga kurudia roho na ubunifu wa nyakati za kale. Hapo waliita mtindo mkuu wa karne za kati "wa Kigothi" kwa maana ya "wa kishenzi" maana waliamini ya kwamba uzuri wa Dola la Roma ya Kale uliharibiwa na makabila ya Kigermanik kama Wagothi na tokeo la uharibifu huo ni mtindo waliouita "wa Kigothi".

Tanbihi

Marejeo

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Marejeo mengine

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