Ufalme wa Ashanti
Ufalme wa Ashanti (pia Asante: Asanteman) ulikuwa milki ya Waashanti, ambao ni kundi mojawapo kati ya Waakan katika nchi ambayo ni Ghana ya kisasa. Ufalme wa Ashanti ulidumu kutoka mwaka 1701 hadi 1957 ukiendelea leo hii kama "mamlaka ya kimila" ndani ya Ghana. Mkuu wa milki ni mfalme mwenye cheo cha Asantehene. Mji mkuu ni Kumasi.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Milki hiyo ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1700 na mfalme Osei Tutu (1695 hivi – 1717) na mshauri wake Okomfo Anokye. Kiti cha Dhahabu cha Ashanti kilikuwa ishara ya kuunganisha ufalme. [1] [2] Osei Tutu alisimamia upanuzi mkubwa wa eneo la Ashanti akaanzisha mfumo mpya wa kijeshi uliofanya askari wa Waashanti washindi katika vita zilizofuata. [3] Mnamo mwaka wa 1701 jeshi la Ashanti lilishinda milki ya Denkyira. Ushindi huo uliwapa Waashanti njia ya kufikia mwambao wa Ghuba ya Guinea na kuwawezesha kuingia katika biashara na Wazungu, haswa Waholanzi na Wareno. Uchumi wa Ufalme wa Ashanti ulistawi hasa kutokana na biashara ya dhahabu na watumwa.[4] Jeshi la Ashanti lilitumika kama zana madhubuti ya kupata mateka waliouzwa kama watumwa. [5]
Ufalme wa Ashanti ulipigana vita kadhaa na falme za jirani na makabila madogo kama vile Wafante. Waashanti walifaulu kujitetea dhidi ya uvamizi wa Milki ya Uingereza katika vita mbili; walimwua jenerali Mwingereza Sir Charles MacCarthy mwaka 1824 wakapamba fuvu lake kwa kulifunika na dhahabu na kulitumia kama kikombe cha kunywea.
Katika vita zilizofuata Waingereza walifaulu kutokana na matumizi ya teknolojia ya silaha iliyoendelea na baada ya vita ya tano kati ya Uingereza na Ashanti ufalme wote ulikuwa sehemu ya koloni la Gold Coast tangu 1 Januari 1902.
Leo, Ufalme wa Ashanti umebaki kama sehemu ya Jamhuri ya Ghana. Unatambuliwa kama "mamlaka ya kimila" ukitajwa vile katika katiba ya Ghana. [6]
Mfalme wa sasa ni Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Asantehene. Ziwa Bosumtwi ambalo ni ziwa asilia pekee ya Ghana liko ndani ya ufalme. [7]
Jiografia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Ufalme wa Ashanti ulikuwa mmoja kati ya falme kwenye pwani ya Afrika ya Magharibi, pamoja na Dahomey, Benin, na Oyo. Ufalme wa Ashanti ulikuwa na milima na kilimo uliostawi. [8] Sehemu ya kusini ya Ufalme wa Ashanti imefunikwa na misitu wenye unyevunyevu, lakini kaskazini ni kavu zaidi ikiwa eneo la savana lenye miti mifupi inayoweza kuvumilia moto.
Maeneo ndani ya Ashanti yalikuwa na dhahabu kutoka mito, kakao na mikola. Waashanti walitumia bidhaa hizo katika biashara yao na Wareno kwenye pwani, na milki jirani za Songhai na Wahausa.[9]
Utumwa
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Utumwa ulikuwa sehemu ya utamaduni katika Ufalme wa Ashanti. Kwa kawaida watumwa walipatikana kama mateka kutoka kwa maadui katika vita. Ashanti ilikuwa dola lenye watumwa wengi katika eneo la Ghana ya leo, ilikuwa pia chanzo kikuu cha watumwa kwa biashara ya watumwa ya Atlantiki. [10]
Kimila ustawi wa watumwa ulitegemea hali ya mabwana wao. Wengine waliweza kuwa na mali ya binafsi, na hata kuoa au kuolewa katika familia ya bwana wao. Watumwa wakati mwingine waliweza kumiliki watumwa wengine, na pia kuomba bwana mpya ikiwa waliamini kuwa wananyanyaswa sana. [11] Lakini ilikuwa pia kawaida kuwatoa kama dhabihu wakati wa mazishi ya bwana.
Mateka waliokamatwa kwa kusudi la kuwauza kwa wafanyabiashara Wazungu kwenye vituo vya pwani walitendewa kama bidhaa.
Angalia pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ "Osei Tutu | king of Asante empire". Encyclopedia Britannica (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2020-05-30.
- ↑ "Asante Kingdom". Irie Magazine. Iliwekwa mnamo 2020-12-04.
- ↑ Collins and Burns (2007), p. 140.
- ↑ Green, Toby. A fistful of shells : West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution (tol. la Penguin Books Ltd. Kindle-Version). London. ku. 108, 247. ISBN 978-0-241-00328-2.
- ↑ Shumway, Rebecca. The Fante and the transatlantic slave trade. Rochester, NY. uk. 237. ISBN 978-1-78204-572-4.
- ↑ Roeder, Philip (2007). Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. uk. 281. ISBN 978-0691134673.
- ↑ Collins and Burns (2007), p. 139.
- ↑ Obeng, J. Pashington (1996). Asante Catholicism: Religious and Cultural Reproduction Among the Akan of Ghana (kwa Kiingereza). BRILL. uk. 20. ISBN 978-90-04-10631-4.
An empire of a hundred thousand square miles, occupied by about three million people from different ethnic groups, made it imperative for the Asante to evolve sophisticated statal and parastatal institutions [...]
- ↑ "Osei Tutu | king of Asante empire". Encyclopedia Britannica (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2020-05-30."Osei Tutu | king of Asante empire". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-30.
- ↑ Perbi, Akosua Adoma (2004). A history of indigenous slavery in Ghana : from the 15th to the 19th century. Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers. uk. 23. ISBN 9789988550325.
- ↑ Rodriguez, Junius P. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Volume 1, 1997. p. 53.
Bibliografia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Basil, Davidson Ustaarabu wa Kiafrika Ukarejelewa, Africa World Press: 1991
- Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521867467.9780521867467
- Edgerton, Robert B. (2010). The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast. ISBN 9781451603736.9781451603736
- Ivor Wilks (1989). Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order. CUP Archive. ISBN 9780521379946. Iliwekwa mnamo 2020-12-29 – kutoka Books.google.com.9780521379946
- Kevin Shillington, 1995 (1989), Historia ya Afrika, New York: Press ya St Martin.
- Lloyd, Alan (1964). The Drums of Kumasi: the story of the Ashanti wars. London: Longmans. LCCN 65006132. OL 5937815M.
- Pescheux, Gérard (2003). Le royaume asante (Ghana): parenté, pouvoir, histoire, XVIIe-XXe siècles. Paris: KARTHALA Editions. uk. 582. ISBN 2-84586-422-1.2-84586-422-1
- Seth K. Gadzekpo (2005). History of Ghana: Since Pre-history. Excellent Pub. and Print. ISBN 9988070810. Iliwekwa mnamo 2020-12-27 – kutoka Books.google.com.9988070810
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- the Ashanti Kingdom Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- UC San Diego - Asante Language Program - Directed Study
- BBC News | Africa | Funeral rites for Ashanti king
- the Ashanti Kingdom Osei Tutu Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- Asante Catholicism at Googlebooks
- Ashanti Page at the Ethnographic Atlas, maintained at Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury
- Ashanti Kingdom at the Wonders of the African World, at PBS
- Ashanti Culture contains a selected list of Internet sources on the topic, especially sites that serve as comprehensive lists or gateways
- The Story of Africa: Asante — BBC World Service
- Web dossier about the Asante Kingdom: African Studies Centre, Leiden
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Country Page - the Ashanti Kingdom