Aleksander Mashuhuri
Aleksander Mashuhuri (Mkuu) | |
---|---|
Mfalme wa Masedonia | |
![]() | |
Aleksander jinsi alivyomshambulia mfalme Dario wa Uajemi kwenye mapigano ya Issos (mozaiki ya Aleksander mjini Napoli, Italia) | |
Kusimikwa | 336 |
Vyeo vingine | Mkuu wa shirikisho la Wagiriki, Shahanshah wa Uajemi, Farao wa Misri, Bwana wa Asia |
. | |
Wake | Roksana wa Baktria Stateira wa Uajemi Parysatis wa Uajemi |
Nasaba | Nasaba ya Masedonia |
Baba | Filipo II wa Masedonia |
Mama | Olimpia wa Epiros |

Aleksander Mashuhuri (au Aleksanda Mkuu, kwa Kigiriki Μέγας Αλέξανδρος, inayoandikwa kwa alfabeti yetu Megas Aleksandros) aliishi tangu Julai 356 KK hadi tarehe 11 Juni 323 KK.
Mfalme wa Masedonia (336 – 323 KK), anajulikana kama mmoja kati ya amiri jeshi waliofanikiwa kupita wote wengine katika historia ya dunia. Kabla hajafariki kwa umri wa miaka 33 aliteka sehemu kubwa ya dunia iliyojulikana na Wagiriki wa zamani zake, kuanzia Ulaya hadi Bara Hindi na Misri.
Aleksander, familia na utoto[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Aleksander alizaliwa mwaka 356 KK kama mwana wa mfalme Filippo II wa Masedonia na malkia Olympias. Masedonia ilikuwa nchi katika kaskazini ya Ugiriki ya Kale na Wagiriki wengi waliwatazama Wamasedonia kama washenzi walio nje ya ustaarabu wa Ugiriki. Tofauti na Ugiriki ya Kale iliyokuwa jamii ya madola-miji Masedonia iikuwa jamii ya miji michache na watu wengi walioishi vijijini. Ilitokea katika karne ya 5 KK tu ya kwamba wanamichezo kutoka Masedonia walikubaliwa kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki.[1].
Filippo II alibadilisha hali ya Masedonia kwa kuimarisha jeshi lake hasa kuanzisha mbinu mpya za kupanga wanajeshi katika vikosi vya phalanx vyenye mikuku mirefu sana na kuunda vikosi vya askari farasi wazito wailokingwa kwa nguo za chuma kifuani na kofia kinga. Kwa kutumia jeshi hili alishinda madola mengine ya Ugiriki na majirani upande wa kaskazini na kuupatia ufalme wake kipaumbele katika Ugiriki. Baada ya kuunganisha Ugiriki chini ya uongozi wake kwa upanga alilenga kushinda pia mioyo yao kwa kuanza vita dhidi ya Milki ya Uajemi iliyowahi kupigana vita na Wagiriki mara kadhaa. Alianza kutuma sehemu ya jeshi kwenda Asia Ndogo[2] iliyokuwa wakati ule sehemu ya Milki ya Uajemi.
Kuna masimulizi mengi kuhusu utoto wa Aleksander ambayo mara nyingi ni hekaya zilizobuniwa baadaye. Hadithi moja inayokubaliwa na wanahistoria ni kuhusu Aleksader kijana wa miaka 10 aliyejipatia farasi iliyombeba baadaye hadi Uhindini. Katika simulizi hii mfalme alitembelewa na mtu aliyetaka kuuza farasi. Farasi moja aliyependeza hakuweza kupandwa na mtu yeyote na mfalme alimkataa. Hapo Aleksander aliomba ajaribu kumpanda akafaulu. Sababu yake ni Aleksander alitambua ya kwamba huyu farasi aligeuka ghafla akikiona kivuli chake wakati mtu alitaka kumpanda. Farasi alinunuliwa na Aleksander alimwita "Bukefalos" [3] akamtumia katika miaka ijayo hadi Misri na Bara Hindi.
Filippo alimwajiri mwanafalsafa Aristoteli kuwa mwalimu wa Aleksander katika falsafa, sanaa na hisabati. Aristoteli alimpa mwanafunzi wake wa kifalme nakala ya muswada ya Ilias[4] na Aleksander aliibeba kwenye kampeni zake za kijeshi. Aristoteli alidai kama sehemu ya malipo yake ya kwamba mji wake wa nyumbani uliowahi kuharibika vitani na Filippo kujengwa upya na raia wake waliowahi kuuzwa kama watumwa wanunuliwe na mfalme na kupewa uhuru.
Uhusiano baina ya kijana Alesander na babake ulikuwa baadaye na matatizo kutokana na husiano za kimapenzi za mfalme kando la mamake Aleksander.
Mfalme wa Masedonia (336 - 335 KK)[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Mwaka 336 KK mfalme Filippo aliuawa na mlinzi wake. Aleksander kijana wa miaka 20 alitangaziwa mfalme mpya kwa msaada wa jemadari Antipater. Aliagiza kuuawa kwa maafisa wa babake waliosambaza uvumi kuwa Aleksander aliuwa ameshiriki jatika uuaji wa babake. Mwaka huohuo alikutana na mabalozi wa miji ya Ugiriki walioapa kumtii.
Mwaka 335 alipaswa kufanya vita na makabila ya kaskazini walioingizwa katika ufalme na babake na sasa waliona nafasi ya kuasi, akawashinda.
Wakati Aleksander alipigania vita katika kaskazini miji ya Wagiriki waliona nafasi ya kutafuta uhuru upya wakaasi. Wakazi wa Thebes waliwafukuza askari wa Kimakedinia katika mji wao. Aleksander alirudi Ugiriki moja kwa moja baada ya ushindi wake kwenye kaskazini akateka mji wa Thebes akaamuru nyumba zote zibomolewe isipokuwa hekalu na nyumba ya mshairi Pindar. Wakazi 6,000 walichinjwa na 30,000 kuuzwa kama watumwa.
Sasa miji mingine ya Ugriki ilishikwa na hofu na kusalimu amri. Aleksander aliwasamehe Wagiriki kwa sababu aliwahitaji kwa mipango yake ya vita dhidi ya Uajemi. Alithebitishwa kama kiongozi na jemadari mkuu wa shirikisho la Wagiriki.
Kampeni dhidi ya Uajemi (334–333 KK)[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Wakati wa Aleksander Milki ya Uajemi ilikuwa milki iliyotawala eneo kubwa duniani. Wakati wa karne mbili zilizotangulia watawala wa Uajemi waliwahi kuvamia na kuteka Mesopotamia, Shamu, Palestina, Misri, Asia Ndogo pamoja na sehemu za Asia ya Kati. Walijaribu mara kadhaa kuvamia Ugiriki pia lakini waliweza kushindwa kwa matatizo. Katika Asia Ndogo walitawala miji minghi ya Kigiriki iliyokaa ng'ambo ya Bahari ya Aegean. Hivyo Filippo II aliandaa vita dhidi ya Uajemi kwa sababu alitaka kutumia vita dhidi ya maadui wa miaka mingi kuimarisha nafasi yake kati ya Wagiriki. Uvamizi wa kwanza wa Masedonia katika Asia Ndogo ulirudishwa nyuma na Waajemi.
Aleksander alivuka mlangobahari wa Dardaneli katika Mei 334 akiwa na jeshi la askari 35,000 Wamasedonia na Wagiriki. Alimwacha jemadari yake Antipater huko Ugiriki na askari 12,000. Mfalme wa Uajemi alikuwa Darios III aliyesita kumpa jemadari moja mamlaka ya vita akaacha kazi hii kwa makabaila Waajemi katika Asia ndogo. Upande wa Uajemi kulikuwa pia na jemadari Mgiriki Memnon aliyemhudumia mfalme wa Uajemi kama askari wa kukodiwa. Alishauri kutomshambulia Aleksander vikali badala yake kumvuta ndani ya Asia Ndogo na kuharibu akiba zote za chakula anakoenda. Lakini Wakubwa Waajemi walikataa wakatafuta mapigano.
Mkutano wa kwanza wa Aleksander na jeshi la Uajemi ulitokea kwenye Mapigano ya Granikos[5]. Viongozi Waajemi walipanga jeshi lao vibaya wakapigwa na Wamasedonia.
Alesander aliendelea kupita kwenye miji ya pwani iliyokaliwa na Wagiriki na kumfungulia milango yao. Kwa njia hii alitaka kuondoa nafasi ya bandari kwa meli za nevi ya Waajemi zilizokuwa hatari kwa Ugiriki. Aleksander aliteua viongozi wenyeji kama maliwali wake katika majimbo ya Asia Ndogo na hivyo kuimarisha utawala wake.
Baada ya kumaliza miji ya pwani akaingingia ndani ya Asia Ndogo hadi Frygia. Hapa katika mji mkuu wa kale wa Gordion alikata fundo mashihuri wa Gordion. Kwenye ikulu ya kale mjini Gordion ilitunzwa gari la farasi la kale sana. Lilifungwa kwa kamba zilizopigwa fundo imara kupita kiasa. Ilisemekana kuna utabiri kuwa kama mtu angeweza uondoa fundo hili atakuwa mtawala juu ya Asia. Kutokana na hekaya ya kale Aleksander alitazama fundo akaiona gumu akatoa upanga wake na kuikata.
Kuelekea mwisho wa mwaka 333 Aleksander alipokwa habari kuwa mfalme wa Uajemi alikaribia Asia Ndogo kwa jeshi kubwa. Aleksander alipiga mbio kukutana naye. Kwenye mapigano ya Granikos mnamno 5 Novemba 333 majeshi ya Waajemi na Wagiriki yalikutana, tena ushindi ulikuwa upande wa Aleksander. Mfalme Dareios aliweza kukimbia kwa muda.
Mitazamo juu yake[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Katika vitabu vya deuterokanoni vya Biblia anatajwa katika vitabu vya Wamakabayo kama mwanzilishi wa dola lililoeneza ustaarabu wa Kigiriki hata kuhatarisha imani ya Wayahudi na kuwadhulumu wakati wa mwandamizi wake Antioko Epifane wa Syria.
Katika kitabu cha Kizoroastria cha kipindi cha kati ya Uajemi kilichoitwa Arda Wiraz Nāmag Aleksander anajulikana kama “Aleksander aliyelaaniwa” kwa sababu alishinda milki ya Uajemi na aliangamiza mji mkuu wake ulioitwa Persepolis. Lakini katika habari za baadaye za Uajemi, mpaka Irani ya siku hizi, anaitwa Eskandar na hata alishangiliwa wakati Ukuta Mkuu wa Sadd-e Eskandar ulijengwa wakati wa Ufalme wa Parthia.
Pia anajulikana katika desturi za Mashariki ya Kati kama Dhul-Qarnayn kwa Kiarabu na Dul-Qarnayim kwa Kiyahudi na Kiaramu, yaani "mtu mwenye pembe mbili", huenda kwa sababu picha kwenye sarafu za wakati wa utawala wake ilimwonyesha kama anazo pembe mbili za kondoo dume za mungu Ammon wa Misri.
Jina lake kwa Kihindi ni Sikandar, neno ambalo ni sawa na “mtaalamu” au “mtu stadi.”
Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- ↑ Kwenye Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Kale ni Wagiriki pekee walioruhusiwa. Wamasedonia walikubaliwa kwa sababu mfalme wao alieleza ya kwamba alikuwa na mababu Wagiriki
- ↑ Eneo la Uturuki ya leo
- ↑ gir. Βουκέφαλος , maana yake "mwenye kichwa cha ng'ombe"
- ↑ Ilias ni kitenzi mashuhuri cha mshairi Homer kinachosimulia historia ya kale ya Ugiriki kwa mfano wa vita ya Troia
- ↑ Leo: mto Biga , mapigano yalitokea karibu na mji wa Biga katika Uturuki ya leo upande kusini wa Bahari ya Marmara.
Matoleo ya matini za kale[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Arrian (1976). Anabasis Alexandri (The Campaigns of Alexander). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044253-7.
- Quintus Curtius Rufus (1946). History of Alexander. Loeb Classical Library. Retrieved on 28 April 2015.
- Siculus, Diodorus (1989). Library of History. Perseus Project. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 November 2009.
- Plutarch (1919). Plutarch, Alexander. Perseus Project. Retrieved on 6 December 2011.
- Plutarch (1936). On the Fortune of Alexander IV. Loeb Classical Library, 379–487. Retrieved on 26 November 2011.
- Trogus, Pompeius (1853). Epitome of the Philippic History. Forum romanum. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 November 2009..
Kujisomea juu ya Aleksander na dunia yake[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Barnett, C (1997). Bonaparte. Wordsworth. ISBN 1-85326-678-7.
- Baynes, Norman G (2007). "Byzantine art", Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization. Baynes, 170. ISBN 978-1-4067-5659-3.
- Berkley, Grant (2006). Moses in the Hieroglyphs. Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-5600-4. Retrieved on 13 January 2011.
- (2006) Afghanistan, les trésors retrouvés: Collections du Musée national de Kaboul (in French). Réunion des musées nationaux, 297. ISBN 978-2-7118-5218-5.
- Bose, Partha (2003). Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-113-3.
- Bosworth, AB (1988). Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Alexander the Great. Haus. ISBN 1-904341-56-X.
- (2003) Hellenistic Civilization. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22242-1.
- Connerney, RD (2009). The upside-down tree: India's changing culture. Algora, 214. ISBN 0-87586-649-2.
- (2005) Forgotten empire: the world of ancient Persia. University of California Press, 272. ISBN 0-520-24731-0.
- Dahmen, Karsten (2007). The Legend of Alexander the Great on Greek and Roman Coins. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-39451-1.
- Danforth, Loring M (1997). The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04356-6.
- Dillon, John M (2004). Morality and custom in ancient Greece. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34526-4.
- Durant, Will (1966). The Story of Civilization: The Life of Greece. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-41800-9.
- Fermor, Patrick Leigh (2006). Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese. New York Book Review. p. 358.
. http://books.google.com/?id=8V5QBkD7IIYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=patrick+leigh+fermor+mani#v=onepage&q=alexander%20&f=false.
- Fischer, MMJ (2004). Mute dreams, blind owls, and dispersed knowledges: Persian poesis in the transnational circuitry. Duke University Press, 474. ISBN 0-8223-3298-1.
- Foreman, Laura (2004). Alexander the conqueror: the epic story of the warrior king. Da Capo Press, 217. ISBN 978-0-306-81293-4.
- Fox, Robin Lane (1980). The Search for Alexander. Little Brown & Co. ISBN 0-316-29108-0.
- Fox, Robin Lane (2006). Alexander the Great. ePenguin.
- Gabriel, Richard A (2002). "The army of Byzantium", The Great Armies of Antiquity. Greenwood, 277. ISBN 0-275-97809-5.
- (2004) The Brief Life and Towering Exploits of History's Greatest Conqueror as Told By His Original Biographers. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-200140-6.
- (2005) Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96930-1.
- Goldsworthy, A (2003). The Fall of Carthage. Cassel. ISBN 0-304-36642-0.
- Grafton (2010). The Classical Tradition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0.
- Green, Peter (2007). Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-2413-9.
- Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt, reprint, Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1.
- Gunther, John (2007). Alexander the Great. Sterling. ISBN 1-4027-4519-2.
- Hammond, NGL (1983). Sources for Alexander the Great. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71471-6.
- Hammond, NGL (1986). A History of Greece to 323 BC. Cambridge University.
- Harrison, EF (1971). The language of the New Testament. Wm B Eerdmans, 508. ISBN 0-8028-4786-2.
- Holland, Tom (2003). Rubicon: Triumph and Tragedy in the Roman Republic. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11563-4.
- Holt, Frank Lee (2003). Alexander the Great and The Mystery of the Elephant Medallions. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23881-8.
- Keay, John (2001). India: A History. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
- (1940) A Greek-English Lexicon on Perseus Digital Library. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 AD. Lakshmi Narain Agarwal.
- McCarty, Nick (2004). Alexander the Great. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin. ISBN 0-670-04268-4.
- McCrindle, JW (1997). "Curtius", History of Punjab I. Patiala: Punjabi University.
- McKechnie, Paul (1989). Outsiders in the Greek cities in the fourth century BC. Taylor & Francis, 54. ISBN 0-415-00340-7. Retrieved on 28 December 2010.
- Morkot, Robert (1996). The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Greece. Penguin.
- Narain, AK (1965). Alexander the Great: Greece and Rome–12.
- Ogden, Daniel (2009). "Alexander's Sex Life", Alexander the Great: A New History. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-3082-2.
- Pingree, D (1978). "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India", Dictionary of Scientific Biography 15, 533–633.
- Pratt, James Bissett (1996). The Pilgrimage of Buddhism and a Buddhist Pilgrimage. Laurier Books. ISBN 81-206-1196-9.
- Renault, Mary (2001). The Nature of Alexander the Great. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-139076-X.
- (1994) International dictionary of historic places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1994–1996. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
- (2010) A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 1-4051-7936-8.
- (2007) The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare: Greece, the Hellenistic World and the Rise of Rome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78273-2.
- Sacks, David (1995). Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World. Constable & Co. ISBN 0-09-475270-2.
- Stoneman, Richard (2004). Alexander the Great. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31932-3.
- Stoneman, Richard (1996). "The Metamorphoses of Alexander Romance", The Novel in the Ancient World. Brill, 601–12. ISBN 90-04-09630-2.
- Studniczka, Franz (1894). Achäologische Jahrbook 9.
- Tripathi, Rama Shankar (1999). History of Ancient India. ISBN 978-81-208-0018-2.
- (2009) Alexander the Great: A New History. Wiley-Blackwell, 47–48. ISBN 978-1-4051-3082-0.
- Wood, Michael (2001). In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23192-4.
- Worthington, Ian (2003). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge, 332. ISBN 0-415-29187-9.
- Yenne, Bill (2010). Alexander the Great: Lessons From History's Undefeated General. Palmgrave McMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61915-9.
Kujisomea zaidi[hariri | hariri chanzo]
* Badian, Ernst (1958). "Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind". Historia 7: 425–444.
- (1932) Greek Sculpture and Painting. Cambridge University Press.
- Bowra, Maurice (1994). The Greek Experience. Phoenix. ISBN 1-85799-122-2.
- Burn, AR (1951). Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Empire, 2, London: English Universities Press.
- Curtius. Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great (Latin). U Chicago. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 November 2009.
- Cartledge, Paul (2004). Alexander the Great. Overlook. https://archive.org/details/alexandergreathu0000cart.
- Doherty, Paul (2004). The Death of Alexander the Great. Carroll & Graf. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786713400.
- Engels, Donald W (1978). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- (2006) How To Lose A Battle: Foolish Plans and Great Military Blunders. Harper. ISBN 0-06-076024-9.
- Fuller, JFC (1958). The Generalship of Alexander the Great. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
- Green, Peter (1992). Alexander of Macedon: 356–323 BC. A Historical Biography. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07166-2.
- Greene, Robert (2000). The 48 Laws of Power. Penguin, 351. ISBN 0-14-028019-7.
- Hammond, NGL (1989). The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814883-6.
- Hammond, NGL (1994). Alexander the Great: King, Commander, and Statesman, 3, London: Bristol Classical Press.
- Hammond, NGL (1997). The Genius of Alexander the Great. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Mercer, Charles (1962). The Way of Alexander the Great, 1, Boston: American Heritage Inc..
- McCrindle, JW (1893). The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great as Described by Arrian, Q Curtius, Diodorus, Plutarch, and Justin. Westminster: Archibald Constable & Co.
- (2003) A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 17. ISBN 1-880393-35-2.
- (2003) British Death March Under Asiatic Impulse: Epic of Anglo-Indian Tragedy in Afghanistan. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 81-7276-301-8.
- O'Brien, John Maxwell (1992). Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy. London: Routledge.
- (1998) Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509742-4.
- Prevas, John (2004). Envy of the Gods: Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey Across Asia, 3, Da Capo.
- (1995) Alexander the Great Ancient and Modern Perspectives, Problems in European Civilization. Lexington, MA: DC Heath.
- Savill, Agnes (1959). Alexander the Great and His Time, 3, London: Barrie & Rockliff.
- Singh, Kirpal (2005). Kambojas Through the Ages, 134.
- Stewart, Andrew (1993). Faces of Power: Alexander's Image and Hellenistic Politics, Hellenistic Culture and Society 11. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Stoneman, Richard (2008). Alexander the Great: A Life in Legend. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11203-0.
- Tarn, WW (1948). Alexander the Great. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wheeler, Benjamin Ide (1900). Alexander the Great; the merging of East and West in universal history. New York: GP Putnam's sons.
- Wilcken, Ulrich [1932] (1997). Alexander the Great. New York: WW Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-00381-7.
- Worthington, Ian (2004). Alexander the Great: Man And God. Pearson. ISBN 978-1-4058-0162-1.
Viungo vya Nje[hariri | hariri chanzo]
* Delamarche, Félix (1833), The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great.
- Romm, James; Cartledge, Paul, "Two Great Historians On Alexander the Great", Forbes (conversations) Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6.
- Aleksander Mashuhuri katika Open Directory Project
- Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources, Livius, archived from the original on 2011-05-14, retrieved 2015-05-25.
- The Elusive Tomb of Alexander the Great, Archæology.
- Alexander the Great and Sherlock Holmes, Sherlockian Sherlock.