Plinio Mzee

Plinio Mzee, jinsi msanii Mfaransa alivyomwaza katika karne ya 19.

Plino Mzee au Gaius Plinius Secundus
Makazi	Roma, Misenum

Gaius Plinius Secundus (anafahamika zaidi kama Plinio Mzee; 23 BK - 25 Agosti 79 BK) alikuwa mwandishi na mwanafalsafa wa utamaduni wa Roma ya Kale, aliyewahi kuwa pia kiongozi wa kijeshi na rafiki wa karibu wa Kaizari Vespasian .

Akitumia wakati wake mwingi kusoma, kuandika au kuchunguza hali ya asili na jiografia, aliandika kitabu kirefu cha Historia Asilia ("Naturalis Historia"), ambacho kilikuwa mfano kwa waandishi wengi waliomfuata.

Plinio Mzee alikufa mnamo 25 Agosti mwaka 79 KK alipotaka kuokoa marafiki waliojaribu kukimbia kutoka mlipuko wa Mlima Vesuvio; volkeno hiyo iliteketeza miji ya Pompeii na Herkulaneo.

Historia Asilia ya Plinio

Historia Naturalis ni kati ya kazi kubwa za utaalamu zilizodumu kutoka zamani za Roma ya Kale hadi leo. Plinio alilenga kukusanya elimu yote iliyopatikana wakati wake. Alidai mwenyewe kuwa Mroma wa kwanza aliyefanya kazi kubwa ya aina hiyo, akikusanya habari za botania (elimu ya mimea), zoolojia (elimu ya wanyama), astronomia (elimu ya nyota), jiolojia na elimu madini pamoja na matumizi ya rasilimali hizo.

Maelezo yake kuhusu teknolojia mbalimbali ni chanzo cha pekee kwa elimu yetu siku hizi kuhusu njia zilizotumiwa zamani kuchimba madini, kujenga majengo makubwa au kusaga nafaka. Sehemu ya maandishi yake ziliweza kuthibishwa na uchunguzi wa akiolojia. Maandiko hayo ni chanzo cha pekee kinachoeleza kazi ya wasanii wa siku zile, hivyo ni marejeo kwa historia ya sanaa.

Historia Naturalis imekuwa kielelezo kwa mfumo wa kamusi elezo za baadaye kwa kuzingatia upana wa mada, kuonyesha vyanzo vya habari na kutaja kazi za waandishi waliotangulia, hatimaye katika kupanga orodha ya yaliyomo yake.

Kazi imejitolea Mfalme Tito, mwana wa rafiki Pliny ya karibu, Mfalme Vespasian, katika mwaka wa kwanza wa Titus 'utawala. Ni kazi pekee ya Pliny kunusurika, na ya mwisho aliyoichapisha, ikikosa marekebisho ya mwisho wakati wa kifo chake cha ghafla na kisichotarajiwa katika mlipuko wa Vesuvius wa AD 79. Alitoa kazi hiyo kwa heshima ya Kaizari Tito aliyekuwa mtoto wa kwanza na mrithi wa rafiki ya Vespansiano.

Kazi yote ya Historia Asilia imegawiwa kwa vitabu 37:

1	Dibaji na orodha ya yaliyomo, orodha ya marejeo
2	Maelezo ya kihisabati na kimaumbile ya ulimwengu
3 - 6	Jiografia na ethnografia
7	Anthropolojia na fiziolojia ya binadamu
8 – 11	Zoolojia
12 – 27	Botania, pamoja na kilimo, elimu ya bustani na elimu ya madawa
28 – 32	Elimu ya madawa
XXXIII – XXXVII	Uchimbaji madini na madini, haswa katika matumizi yake kwa maisha na sanaa, pamoja na: dhahabu kukalibu fedha sanamu za shaba uchoraji uchongaji sanamu za marumaru mawe ya thamani na vito

Vyanzo

• Beagon, Mary. (1992). Roman Nature: The Thought of Pliny the Elder. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Beagon, Mary (translator) (2005). The elder Pliny on the human animal: Natural History, Book 7. Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-815065-2. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Carey, Sorcha (2006). Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural history. Oxford University press. ISBN 0-19-920765-8.
• Doody, Aude. (2010). Pliny’s Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
• Griffin, Miriam Tamara (1992). Seneca: A Philosopher in Politics (tol. la reprint). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814774-9.
• Fane-Saunders, Peter. (2016). Pliny the Elder and the Emergence of Renaissance Architecture. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• French, Roger, and Frank Greenaway, eds. (1986). Science in the Early Roman Empire: Pliny the Elder, His Sources and Influence. London: Croom Helm.
• Gibson, Roy and Ruth Morello eds. (2011). Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts. Leiden: Brill.
• Healy, John F. (1999). Pliny the Elder on science and technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814687-6.
• Isager, Jacob (1991). Pliny on Art and Society: The Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of Art. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06950-5.
• Laehn, Thomas R. (2013). Pliny’s Defense of Empire. Routledge Innovations in Political Theory. New York: Routledge.
• Murphy, Trevor (2004). Pliny the Elder's Natural History: the Empire in the Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-926288-8.
• Ramosino, Laura Cotta (2004). Plinio il Vecchio e la tradizione storica di Roma nella Naturalis historia (kwa Italian). Alessandria: Edizioni del'Orso. ISBN 88-7694-695-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Syme, Ronald (1969). "Pliny the Procurator". Katika Department of the Classics, Harvard University (mhr.). Harvard studies in classical philology (tol. la illustrated). Harvard University Press. ku. 201–236. ISBN 978-0-674-37919-0.
• Pliny the Elder; William P. Thayer (contributor). "Pliny the Elder: the Natural History" (kwa Latin na English). University of Chicago. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Mei 2009. {{cite web}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Pliny the Elder (1855). "The Natural History". John Bostock, Henry Thomas Riley (translators and editors); Gregory R. Crane (Chief editor). Taylor and Francis; Tufts University: Perseus Digital Library. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Mei 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Fisher, Richard V. "Derivation of the name 'Plinian'". University of California at Santa Barbara: The Volcano Information Center.
• C. Suetonius Tranquillus (1914). William P. Thayer (mhr.). "The Life of Pliny the Elder". Loeb Classical Library.

Vitabu juu yake

• Lendering, Jona (1996–2009). "Pliny the Elder (1)". Livius Articles on Ancient History. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-07-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Mei 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Lendering, Jona (1996–2009). "Pliny the Elder (2)". Livius Articles on Ancient History. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-01-18. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Mei 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Pearse, Roger (2013). "The manuscripts of Pliny the Elder". Tertullian.org. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Juni 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Viungo vya Nje

• Kigezo:Commonsinline
• Kigezo:Wikiquote-inline
• Kigezo:Wikisource author-inline
• Works by Plinio Mzee katika Project Gutenberg
• Works by Pliny the Elder at Perseus Digital Library
• Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries Ilihifadhiwa 12 Novemba 2020 kwenye Wayback Machine. High resolution images of works by Pliny the Elder in.jpg and.tiff format.
• Kigezo:Internet Archive author
• Kigezo:Librivox author