Ndui
Ndui (kwa Kiingereza: smallpox) ilikuwa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza uliosababishwa na aina mbili za virusi: Variola major na Variola minor.
Ulikuwa unaleta kifo cha waliopatwa kwa asilimia 30-35, lakini zaidi kati ya watoto.
Walionusurika wengi waliachwa na makovu ya kudumu hasa katika uso.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Inakadiriwa ulikuwepo tangu miaka ya 10000 KK hadi mwaka 1977.
Chanzo chake hakijulikani lakini kuna dalili ya kwamba ilitokea mapema sana katika Misri ya Kale[1]. Pengine farao Ramses V alikuwa mgonjwa wa kwanza anayejulikana kutokana na utafiti wa mumia yake[2].
Labda ilipelekwa Uhindi na wafanyabiashara Wamisri mnamo miaka ya 1500 KK. Ugonjwa uliua watu wengi huko Ulaya[3], Asia na Afrika ilikosambaa pia.
Matokeo ya ndui yalikuwa mabaya hasa Amerika ambako Waindio yaani wakazi asilia waliwahi kuishi milenia nyingi bila mawasiliano na bila maambukizi kutoka sehemu nyingine za dunia, hivyo walikosa kabisa kinga. Kwa mfano Wahispania waliweza kuvamia milki ya Azteki huko Mexiko kwa sababu wateteaji wa Tenochtitlan walidhoofishwa na ugonjwa uliopelekwa hapo na Wahispania.
Mwaka 1967 tu ndui iliua watu milioni mbili na katika karne ya 20 kwa jumla milioni 300 au 500.
Chanjo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Nchini China na Uhindi ilijulikana tangu kale kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji kutoka vidonda vya ndui kunasababisha homa kidogo lakini kunamkinga dhidi ya maambukizi makali[4] hata kama takriban asilimia 1-2 ya watu waliodungwa vile walikufa[5].
Mnamo 1796 tabibu Mwingereza Edward Jenner alitambua kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji ya vidonda vya ndui ya ng'ombe kunamkinga pia dhidi ya ndui wa kibinadamu, lakini bila matatizo yale yaliyoweza kutokea kwenye mbinu ya awali. [6] Chanjo hiyo iliboreshwa na kupunguza kutokea kwa ndui, Nchi nyingi duniani ziliweka taratibu za kutoa chanjo kwa watoto wote. Tangu mwaka 1967 Shirika la Afya Duniani WHO lilianzisha mradi wa kutafuta wagonjwa wa mwisho wa ndui na kuwatibu. Mgonjwa wa mwisho alipatikana nchini Somalia kwenye mwaka 1976[7].
Tangu siku zile ndui ni ugonjwa wa kwanza ambao binadamu kwa njia ya chanjo alifaulu kuukomesha.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Shchelkunov SN (December 2011). "Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037. PMID 22185833.
- ↑ Hopkins, Donald. "Ramses V:Earliest known victim?" (PDF). WHO imeangaliwa 30-03-2016
- ↑ J. N. Hays (2005). "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". ABC-CLIO. p.151. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
- ↑ Riedel, S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
- ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010
- ↑ Fenner, uk. 527-536
- Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35168-8
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006). Expunging variola: the control and eradication of smallpox in India, 1947–1977. Hyderabad: Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-3018-2.
- Fenner, Frank (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6) (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156110-6. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2015-02-19. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-15.
- Koplow, David A. (2003). Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24220-3.
- Mack T (2003). "A different view of smallpox and vaccination". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (5): 460–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb022994. PMID 12496354. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2009-04-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-15.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - McNeill, William Hardy (1977). Plagues and peoples. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
- Naono, Atsuko (2009). State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. uk. 238. ISBN 978-81-250-3546-6. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-07-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-03-15.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Preston, Richard (2002). The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50856-2. (Excerpt available at http://cryptome.info/0001/smallpox-wmd.htm)
- Tucker, Jonathan B. (2001). Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3939-6.
- Lord Wharncliffe and W. Moy Thomas, editors. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Image of Amhearst letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet – give smallpox to Indians.
- Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks Ilihifadhiwa 10 Desemba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview Ilihifadhiwa 6 Mei 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Agent Fact Sheet: Smallpox Ilihifadhiwa 28 Juni 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine., Center for Biosecurity
- Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis Ilihifadhiwa 29 Julai 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Variola Virus Genomes Ilihifadhiwa 12 Septemba 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine. database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center
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