Ujuzilio

Maabadi ya Wamandayo huko Nasiriya, Iraq.

Ujuzilio (pia: Unostiki, Gnosi; kwa Kiingereza: "Gnosticism", kutoka neno la Kigiriki γνωστικός, gnostikos, "mwenye ujuzi", ambalo mzizi wake ni γνῶσις, gnōsis, "ujuzi") ni nadharia ya wokovu kupatikana kwa njia ya maarifa.pia

Historia

Mazingira ya asili ni Uyahudi wa karne ya 1 na ya 2 BK.

Wafuasi wa Gnosi hiyo, wakitafsiri namna yao Torati na vitabu vingine vya Biblia, walidai ulimwengu unaoonekana haukuumbwa na Mwenyezi Mungu, bali na roho nyingine iliyofunga chembe ya Umungu katika mwili. Walidai kuwa maarifa, si imani, yanaweza kukomboa hiyo chembe.

Nadharia hiyo ilistawi hasa kando ya Bahari ya Kati, ikichanganyikana na falsafa ya Plato na matapo ya Ukristo yaliyopingwa na uongozi wa Kanisa kama uzushi.

Kuanzia karne ya 3 nguvu ya nadharia hiyo ilipungua, lakini bila kufutika kabisa katika ustaarabu wa magharibi hadi leo. Kwa mfano, ulijitokeza katika Renaissance.

Dini maalumu iliyoanzishwa kwenye msingi wa unostiki ilikuwa Umani (Manichaeism). Kutoka Dola la Persia, unostiki huo ulienea hadi China.

Leo hii kuna jumuiya moja iliyotokana na unostiki wa kale ambayo ni jumuiya ndogo ya Wamandayo katika Iraki na kusini mwa Iran.

Vyanzo

Vitabu

Aland, Barbara (1978). Festschrift für Hans Jonas. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-58111-4.
Albrile, Ezio (2005), "Gnosticism: History of Study", katika Jones, Lindsay (mhr.), MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan
Bauer, Walter, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, Fortress, ISBN 0-8006-1363-5
Brakke, David (2010), The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity, Harvard University Press, ASIN B004Z14APQ
Broek, Roelof van den (1996), Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity
Broek, Roelof van den (2013), Gnostic Religion in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press
Burstein, Dan (2006). Secrets of Mary Magdalene. CDS Books. ISBN 1-59315-205-1.
Cohen, Arthur A.; Mendes-Flohr, Paul (2010), 20th Century Jewish Religious Thought
Conze, Edward (1967), "Buddhism and Gnosis", katika Bianchi, U. (mhr.), Origins of Gnosticism: Colloquium of Messina, 13–18 April 1966
Conze, Edward (1967), "Buddhist prajna and Greek Sophia", Religion. Volume 5, Issue 2, Autumn 1975, Pages 160-167
Dunderberg, Ismo (2008), Beyond gnosticism: myth, lifestyle, and society in the school of Valentinus, Columbia University Press
Dunn, James D.G. (2016), ""The Apostle of the Heretics": Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion", katika Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David (whr.), Paul and Gnosis, BRILL, doi:10.1163/9789004316690_008
Ehrman, Bart D. (2003), Lost Christianities, Oxford University Press
Filoramo, Giovanni (1990). A History of Gnosticism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631187073.
Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter (2002), Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians, Three Rivers Press, ISBN 0-00-710071-X
Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter, De mysterieuze Jezus. Was Jezus oorspronkelijk een heidense god?, Uitgeverij Synthese
Green, Henry (1985). Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism. Scholars P., U.S. ISBN 0-89130-843-1.
Haardt, Robert (1967). Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse. Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg. ku. 352 pages., translated as Haardt, Robert (1971). Gnosis: Character and Testimony. Brill, Leiden.
Halsall, Guy (2008), Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43491-2
Hoeller, Stephan A. (2002). Gnosticism — New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing. Wheaton: Quest. ku. 257 pages. ISBN 0-8356-0816-6.
Huidekoper, Frederic (1891), Judaism at Rome: BC 76 to AD 140, D. G. Francis
Jonas, Hans (1993). Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1–2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-53841-3.
King, Charles William (1887). The Gnostics and Their Remains.
King, Karen L. (2003), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press, ku. 343 pages, ISBN 0-674-01071-X
Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1993). Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia. Harper, San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-064586-5.
Kosack, Wolfgang: Geschichte der Gnosis in Antike, Urchristentum und Islam. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014. ISBN|978-3-906206-06-6
Lahe, Jaan (2006), "IST DIE GNOSIS AUS DEM CHRISTENTUM ABLEITBAR? EINE KRITISCHE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT EINEM URSPRUNGSMODELL DER GNOSIS", TRAMES, 2006, 10(60/55), 3, 220–231
Layton, Bentley (1995). "Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism". Katika edited by L. Michael White, O. Larry Yarbrough (mhr.). The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks. Fortress Press, Minneapolis. ISBN 0-8006-2585-4. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help)
Layton, Bentley (ed.) (1981). The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism. E.J. Brill. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Magris, Aldo (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages (further considerations)", katika Jones, Lindsay (mhr.), MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan
Markschies, Christoph (2000). Gnosis: An Introduction. trans. John Bowden. T & T Clark. ku. 145 pages. ISBN 0-567-08945-2.
Markschies, "Christolph" (2003), Gnosis: An Introduction, T.& T.Clark Ltd
McVey, Kathleen (1981), "Gnosticism, Feminism, and Elaine Pagels", Princeton Theological Seminary, Vol 37, Issue 4, 1981
Mins, Denis (1994). Irenaeus. Geoffrey Chapman.
Pagels, Elaine (1975), The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters, ISBN 1-56338-039-0
Pagels, Elaine (1979), The Gnostic Gospels, New York: Vintage Books, ku. 182 pages, ISBN 0-679-72453-2
Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis. Atlanta, Ga.: Scholars Press. ku. 128 pages. ISBN 1-55540-334-4.
Pearson, Birger Albert (2004), Gnosticism and Christianity in Roman and Coptic Egypt
Petrement, Simone (1990), A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticsim, Harper and Row ISBN|0-06-066421-5
Perkins, Pheme (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism as a Christian heresy", katika Jones, Lindsay (mhr.), MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan
Quispel, Gilles (2004), "Voorwoord", katika Pagels, Elaine (mhr.), De Gnostische Evangelien, Servire
Quispel, Gilles (2005), "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages [first edition]", katika Jones, Lindsay (mhr.), MacMillan Encyclopdia of Religion, MacMillan
Rousseau, A.; Doutreleau, L. (1974), Saint Irénée de Lyon : Traité contre les hérésies
Rudolph, Kurt (1987). Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-067018-5.
Smith, Carl B. (2004), No Longer Jews: The Search for Gnostic Origins, Hendrickson Publishers
Temporini, Hildegard; Vogt, Joseph; Haase, Wolfgang (1983), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt (Rise and Decline of the Roman World) Vl 21/1 Volume 2; Volume 21, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-008845-2
Tuckett, Christopher M. (1986). Nag Hammadi and the Gospel Tradition: Synoptic Tradition in the Nag Hammadi Library. T & T Clark. ISBN 0-567-09364-6. (206 pages)
Turner, John (1986), "Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History", Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity, ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-12-11 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
Walker, Benjamin (1990). Gnosticism: Its History and Influence. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-85274-057-4.
Williams, Michael (1996), Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01127-3
Yamauchi, Edwin M. (1983). Pre-Christian Gnosticism : A Survey of the Proposed Evidences. ISBN 0-8010-9919-6. (278 pages)
Yamauchi, Edwin M., "Pre-Christian Gnosticism in the Nag Hammadi Texts?," in Church History vol. 48, (1979), pp. 129–141.

Tovuti

Marejeo mengine

Vyanzo vikuu

Barnstone, Willis (1984). The Other Bible: Gnostic Scriptures, Jewish Pseudepigrapha, Christian Apocyrypha, Kabbalah, Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper & Row. uk. 771. ISBN 978-0-06-081598-1.
Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (2003). The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala Books. uk. 880. ISBN 1-57062-242-6.
Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (2010). Essential Gnostic Scriptures. Shambhala Books. uk. 271. ISBN 978-1590309254.
Layton, Bentley (1987). The Gnostic Scriptures. SCM Press. ku. 526 pages. ISBN 0-334-02022-0.
Plotinus (1989). The Enneads. Juz. la 1. translated by A.H. Armstrong. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99484-1.
Robinson, James (1978). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ku. 549 pages. ISBN 0-06-066934-9.

Vya jumla

King, Karen L. (2005), What is Gnosticism?, Harvard University Press
Broek, Roelof van den (2013), Gnostic Religion in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press

Wasethi

Turner, John D. (2001), "Chapter Seven: The History of the Sethian Movement", Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition, Presses Université Laval

Viungo vya nje

Texts

Gnostic Society Library — primary sources and commentaries
Early Christian Writings — primary texts
Gnostic texts at sacred-texts.com

Encyclopedia

Gnosticism, by Edward Moore, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Gnosticism by Kurt Rudolph, Encyclopædia Iranica
Gnosticism Catholic Encyclopedia

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