Afraate
Afraate (280 hivi[1] – 346; kwa Kiaramu ܐܦܪܗܛ — Ap̄rahaṭ, kwa Kifarsi فرهاد, Aphrahat, Aphrahas, Pharhad; kwa Kigiriki Ἀφραάτης; kwa Kilatini Aphraates) alikuwa mtawa maarufu kwa kuandika mfululizo wa hotuba ishirini na tatu juu ya mafundisho na maisha ya Kikristo kadiri ya mapokeo ya Kisiria, ambayo yalikuwa hayajaathiriwa na utamaduni wa Ugiriki wa kale.
Tofauti na Efrem wa Syria, aliyeishi ndani ya mipaka ya Dola la Roma kama Wakristo karibu wote wa wakati ule, Afraate aliishi nje yake, upande wa mashariki, katika eneo la Adiabene (Assyria, leo Iraq Kaskazini) lililokuwa chini ya Wasasanidi, Dola la Persia (leo Iran)hata akaitwa ܚܟܝܡܐ ܦܪܣܝܐ, Ḥakkîmâ Pārsāyā, "Mwenye hekima wa Persia".
Kabla ya hayo (336-345) hakuna mwandishi wa jamii hiyo isipokuwa Bardesane wa Edesa.
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake huadhimishwa tarehe 29 Januari, lakini wengine wanasema si mwenyewe, bali somo wake fulani, mkaapweke kutoka Uajemi ambaye alikwenda Bethlehemu na kuongokea Ukristo[2]. Baadaye akaishi katika nyumba ndogo nje ya mji wa Edessa. Mwishoni alikwenda Antiokia kutetea kwa maneno na maandishi imani sahihi dhidi ya Waario akafariki huko mwaka 378 hivi.
Maisha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Akitokea katika familia ya Kipagani, alichukua jina la Kikristo Yakobo wakati wa kubatizwa,[3] jambo linalothibitisha kwamba jumuia yake ilifuata taratibu za Wakristo wa Kiyahudi.
Labda aliongoza monasteri ya Mar Matti karibu na Mosul na kufikia uaskofu[4].
Maandishi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Maandishi yake (yanayoitwa kwa Kilatini "Demonstrationes", kutoka jina la Kisiria "'Taḥwiyāthā") yanaonyesha alivyoguswa na dhuluma za serikali za Persia dhidi ya Wakristo wake, hasa baada ya adui yake, Kaisari Konstantino Mkuu, kuelekeza Dola la Roma kwenye Ukristo.
Hotuba zake zimepangwa kialfabeti, kufuatana na herufi 22 za Kisiria, ila ya 23 na ya mwisho ni barua inayowaelekea watawa wenzake "Wana wa Agano".
Tazama pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale
- Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo
- Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
- Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko
- Mababu wa Kanisa
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Kalariparampil, Joseph. "Aphrahat the Persian Sage", Dukhrana, August 1, 2014
- ↑ Martyrologium Romanum
- ↑ Schaff, Philip. "Aphrahat", Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Vol. XIII, T&T Clark, Edinburgh
- ↑ http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/39040
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Editions by W. Wright (London, 1869), and J. Parisot (with Latin translation, Paris, 1894); the ancient Armenian version of 19 homilies edited, translated into Latin, and annotated by Antonelli (Rome, 1756).
- Besides translations of particular homilies by Gustav Bickell and E. W. Budge, the whole have been translated by G. Bert (Leipzig, 1888).
- C. J. F. Sasse, Proleg, in Aphr. Sapientis Persae sermones homileticos (Leipzig, 1879)
- J. Forget, De Vita et Scriptis Aphraatis (Louvain, 1882)
- Froom, LeRoy (1950). The Prophetic Faith of our Fathers. Juz. la 1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (Kigezo:DjVulink and PDF) mnamo 2014-11-06. Iliwekwa mnamo 2017-01-04.
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(help) - F. C. Burkitt, Early Eastern Christianity (London, 1904)
- J. Labourt, Le Christianisme dans l'empire perse (Paris, 1904)
- Theodor Zahn, Forschungen I.
- "Aphraates and the Diatessaron," vol. ii. pp. 180–186 of Burkitt's Evangelion Da-Mepharreshe (Cambridge, 1904)
- articles on "Aphraates and Monasticism," by R. H. Connolly and Burkitt in Journal of Theological Studies (1905) pp. 522–539, (1906) pp. 10–15.
- Urdang, Laurence. Holidays and Anniversaries of the World. Detroit:Gale Research Company, 1985. ISBN 0-8103-1546-7.
- M. Lattke, "„Taufe“ und „untertauchen“ in Aphrahats ܬܚܘܝܬܐ (taḥwyāṯā)”, in Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism: Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity = Waschungen, Initiation und Taufe: Spätantike, Frühes Judentum und Frühes Christentum, ed. David Hellholm, Tor Vegge, Øyvind Norderval, Christer Hellholm (BZNW 176/I–III; Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter, 2011) 1115–38.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Demonstrations in Syriac with Latin translation.
- Lexicon and index to Demonstrations.
- English Translations of Demonstrations 1, 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 21 and 22
- Demonstrations 2 and 7 translated (scroll down)
- Audience of Pope Benedict XVI on 21 November 2007
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