Maya

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Hekalu - piramidi ya Kimaya.
Ukurasa kutoka kitabu cha Kimaya kwa mwandiko ya hiroglifi.

Maya ni jina la ustaarabu uliostawi kusini mwa Meksiko ya leo (rasi ya Yucatan) pamoja na Gwatemala, Belize na sehemu za Honduras na El Salvador kuanzia mwaka 2000 hivi KK hadi waliposhindwa na Wahispania kutoka Ulaya (karne ya 16 na ya 17 BK).

Historia[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Watu wa kwanza waliofika huko kutoka kaskazini walikuwa Waindio, wajukuu wa wahamiaji walioingia Amerika kutoka Asia ya Kaskazini. Hakuna uhakika kufika huko kulitokea lini: labda miaka 10,000 iliyopita[1].

Hao Waindio walikuwa wakulima hodari sana na mazao mbalimbali ambayo leo ni msingi wa chakula kote duniani yalianzishwa na kupandishwa nao, yakiwa pamoja na mahindi, mboga na nyanya. Kilimo cha mahindi hukadiriwa kilianzishwa takriban mnamo mwaka 9000 KK[2][3].

Kilimo kiliweka msingi kwa vijiji na jamii zilizoshirikiana katika maeneo makubwa. Miji ya kwanza inajulikana kuanzia takriban mwaka 1500 KK.

Wamaya waliishi katika vijiji na miji iliyojitegemea na kugombana kati yao mara kwa mara.

Wamaya walibuni mwandiko wa hiroglifi wenye alama nyingi kupita maandishi mengine katika Amerika ya Kale na kutunga vitabu. Waliendeleza pia hisabati, wakijua namba "sifuri" na kuboresha mfumo wa kalenda.

Walikuwa hodari sana katika astronomia yaani elimu ya nyota. Walipamba miji yao kwa majengo makubwa na mazuri na kuwa wafanyabiashara hodari. Sanaa yao ilijua uchongaji wa mawe na pia uchoraji.

Jamii ya Wamaya ilifikia kiwango cha juu kuanzia mwaka 500 KK wakati miji mikubwa ya kwanza ilipotokea. Mnamo mwaka 800 BK jamii za Wamaya katika Yucatan ziliporomoka; wataalamu wengi huamini ya kwamba mabadiliko ya ekolojia na halihewa pamoja na kuchoka kwa rutuba ya ardhi yalisababisha kutoka kwa watu katika makazi ya awali.

Lakini ustaarabu huu uliona tena kipindi cha kustawi katika maeneo mengine hadi kuja kwa Wahispania. Miji mbalimbali ya Wamaya iliendelea kujitetea dhidi ya wavamizi na Nojpeten, mji wa mwisho wa kujitegemea ulitekwa mwaka 1696 tu.

Tanbihi[hariri | hariri chanzo]

Marejeo[hariri | hariri chanzo]

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