Wagoti

Askari wa Kigoti akipambana na wapandafarasi wa Roma, Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus (karne ya 3).

Wagoti (kwa Kigoti: Gutþiuda; kwa Kilatini: Gothi) walikuwa kabila la Kigermanik, ambalo matawi yake mawili, Wavisigoti na Waostrogoti, walichangia sana anguko la Dola la Roma na mwanzo wa Karne za Kati Ulaya.

Historia

Wakitokea labda Uswidi, wanatajwa na waandishi wa Roma ya Kale kama wakazi wa beseni la Vistula (leo Polandi Kaskazini) katika karne ya 1. Baadaye walienea kwenye Bahari Nyeusi, walipowazidi Wasarmatia kama watawala wa Mbuga za Ponto wakaanza kushambulia maeneo ya Dola la Roma hadi Cyprus.

Wakati huo waligawanyika kati ya Wathervingi na Wagreuthungi. Miaka ya 300, Ermanariki, mfalme wa Wagreuthungi, alitawala kutoka Bahari ya Baltiki hadi Bahari Nyeusi, na Milima ya Urali. Wakati huo wengi wao waliingia Ukristo wa madhehebu ya Uario kwa umisionari wa Ulfilas, aliyebuni alfabeti ya Kigoti kuandika Biblia ya Kigoti.

Miaka ya 370 maeneo ya Wagoti yalivamiwa na Wahunni. Wagreuthungi wakakaa chini yao wakaja kuitwa Waostrogoti, kumbe Wathervingi, waliojulikana baadaye kama Wavisigoti, walivuka mto Danube na kuvamia Dola la Roma. Baada ya kunyanyaswa sana, waliasi na kushinda Warumi katika Mapigano ya Adrianopoli mwaka 378. Chini ya Alariki I, waliteka Roma yenyewe mwaka 410, na hatimaye wakalowea Galia na Hispania, walipounda Ufalme wa Wavisigoti.

Wakiungana na Dola la Roma Magharibi dhidi ya Wahunni wa Attila na Waostrogoti walipata ushindi kwenye Mapigano ya Mabonde ya Katalunya mwaka 451. Hapo Waostrogoti walijinasua katika utawala wa Wahunni wakavamia Italia mwishoni mwa karne ya 5 chini ya mfalme Theodoriki Mkuu, wakaanzisha Ufalme wa Waostrogoti.

Kidogo tu baada ya kifo cha Theodoriki, Italia ilitekwa tena (535–554) na kaisari wa Roma Mashariki Justinian I, lakini baada ya miaka michache Walombardi, wakitokea Skandinavia, waliteka Italia na kumeza Waostrogoti waliobaki.

Ufalme wa Wavisigoti ulidumu hadi mwaka 711, ulipoangamizwa na Waislamu wa ukhalifa wa Umayyad. Kaskazini mwa Hispania, mabaki ya Wavisigoti chini ya Pelagius wa Asturias walianzisha Ufalme wa Asturias na kujiandaa kutwaa tena rasi yote (Reconquista).

Wagoti wachache waliobaki katika rasi ya Crimea waliendelea kwa karne kadhaa katika uhusiano mkubwa na Dola la Bizanti, wakipambana daima na Wakhazari, akiungana na Warus wa Kiev. Hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya 18, baadhi ya wakazi wa Crimea waliweza kuongea Kigoti cha Crimea.

Wazalendo wa Hispania na Uswidi walidai kuwa wazao wa Wagoti.

Vyanzo

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Marejeo ya kisasa

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• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400829941. 
• Bennett, William Holmes (1965). An Introduction to the Gothic Language. Ulrich's Book Store. 
• Bóna, István (2001). "'Forest People': The Goths In Transylvania", History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606. Columbia University Press. 
• (2005) The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139053921. 
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• (1912) Gotische Grammatik (in German). V. Niemeyer. 
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• (1993) Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius. University of California Press. ISBN 0520065506. 
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• Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths". Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik (Rodopi) 55: 21–25. https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art198e.pdf. Retrieved September 17, 2019.
• Kristinsson, Axel (2010). Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. ReykjavíkurAkademían. ISBN 978-9979992219. 
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• Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096725. 
• Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Medieval Academy of America. 
• (2006) Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1438129181. 
• Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520085114. 
• Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. 

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Wagoti

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