Walombardi

Hatua kuu za uhamaji wa Walombardi kutoka Uswidi hadi Italia.

Utawala wa Walombardi Italia (samawati) ilipofikia kilele chake (751).

Walombardi (au Walongobardi, kutoka Kilatini Langobardi, yaani "wenye ndevu ndefu") walikuwa moja kati ya makabila ya Kijerumani.

Kutoka Uswidi walianza kuelekea kusini na kati ya karne ya 2 hadi karne ya 6 walifika hadi Italia ambayo waliiteka kuanzia mwaka 568 na kuitawala kwa kiasi kikubwa hadi waliposhindwa na Karolo Mkuu mwaka 774.

Hata hivyo katika Italia Kusini walidumu kutawala maeneo mapana hadi karne ya 11 walipozidiwa na Wanormani. Jambo hilo lilifanya wakazi wengi wabaki nje ya utawala wa dola la Bizanti na Ukristo wa Mashariki.

Hasa baada ya kuacha Uario na kujiunga na Kanisa Katoliki, Walombardi walichanganyikana na wenyeji. Kwa kuwa katika kuhamahama hawakukaa sana nje ya maeneo ya Kijerumani, tofauti na Wagothi, walileta Italia urithi wa kijenetikia karibu sawa na ule wa watu wa Skandinavia (hasa kisiwa cha Gotland). Mchango huo katika DNA ya Waitalia wa leo kwa jumla hauzidi 10%.

Vilevile katika maeneo walipoishi walichangia mabadiliko ya lugha ya Kilatini kuwa Kiitalia na lugha na lahaja nyingine za Kirumi.

Vyanzo

• Cosmographer wa Ravenna
• Historia Langobardorum Codicis Gothani katika Codex Gothanus
• Historia Langobardorum
• Origo Gentis Langobardorum
• Tacitus. Annals
• Tacitus. Germania

Marejeo ya kisasa

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• Amorim, Carlos Eduardo G. (September 11, 2018b). "Understanding 6th-century barbarian social organization and migration through paleogenomics". Nature Communications (Nature Research) 9 (3547).

     . . . https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-06024-4. Retrieved March 13, 2020

• Bluhme, Friedrich (1868). Die Gens Langobardorum und ihre Herkunft, ...und ihre Sprache. Bonn: A.Marcus.
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• Bruckner, Wilhelm (1895). Die Sprache der Langobarden, Quellen und Forschungen zur Sprach- und Culturgeschichte der germanischen Völker, 75. Strassburg: Karl J. Trübner.
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• Menghin, Wilifred. Die Langobarden / Geschichte und Archäologie. Theiss
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• Oman, Charles (1914) [1893] . The Dark Ages 476–918 (6th ed.). Periods of European History. London: Rivingtons.
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• Priester, Karin (2004). Geschichte der Langobarden: Gesellschaft – Kultur – Altagsleben. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss.
• (1973) The Lombard Laws, foreword by Edward Peters, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1055-7. 
• Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. ISBN 0-8133-9153-9
• Schmidt, Dr. Ludwig (1885). Zur Geschichte der Langobarden. Leipzig: Gustav Fock. Also in (1884) Älteste Geschichte der Langobarden. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Völkerwanderung. Dissertation. Leipzig, Universität.
• (2004) The Early Germans. Wiley. ISBN 9781405117142. 
• Wegewitz, Willi. Das langobardische Brandgräberfeld von Putensen, Kreise Harburg
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• Zeuss, Kaspar. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme
• Carlo Troya, Giovanni Minervini (1852-1855) Codice diplomatico longobardo dal DLXVIII al DCCLXXIV: con note storiche, Napoli, Stamperia reale, 1855
• (1999) "Langobardisch", Die Germanischen Sprachen. Wiesbaden: Albus, 336–341. ISBN 3-928127-57-8. 
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• (2012) "Lombards", The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4, Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001. ISBN 9780191735257. 

Viungo vya nje

• media kuhusu Lombards pa Wikimedia Commons
• Beck, Frederick George Meeson (1911). "Lombards". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).

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