Akina Wright
Akina Wright (Wright brothers) ni namna ya kutaja ndugu Orville Wright (19 Agosti 1871 - 30 Januari 1948) na Wilbur Wright (16 Aprili 1867 - 30 Mei 1912) wanaoaminiwa na wengi kuwa walibuni na kurusha eropleni ya kwanza yenye injini iliyoweza kuongozwa mnamo 17 Desemba 1903. [1] Hata hivyo, madai hayo yamepingwa kwa kurejelea wavumbuzi wengine waliofanya majaribio na eropleni katika miaka iliyotangulia[2].
Maisha ya awali
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Ndugu Wrights walikulia nchini Marekani huko Dayton, Ohio. Walikuwa wana wa mchungaji [3] aliyewahamasisha kusoma na kuuliza maswali.
Baada ya shule ya sekondari hawakusoma chuoni bali walianzisha gazeti[4]. Baada ya hapo, walianzisha duka la kujenga na kutengeneza baisikeli. [5]
Kujifunza jinsi ya kuruka
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kufikia miaka ya 1890, akina Wrights walipendezwa na kuruka, hasa baada ya kusikia kuhusu jitihada za Otto Lilienthal huko Ujerumani. Walianza majaribio ya kutengeneza ndege katika duka lao la baiskeli. [6] Walielewa changamoto kubwa ilikuwa kudhibiti ndege ikiwa hewani, maana Lilienthal na wengine walikuwa wamekufa wakati hawakuweza kudhibiti ndege zao.
Kuanzia mwaka 1900 hadi 1902, waliunda nyiririko huko Dayton na kuzijaribisha pale Kitty Hawk penye upepo wenye nguvu na wa kudumu.
Kuruka
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Tangu 1903 waliweka injini ndogo na parapela kwenye eropleni zao. Jaribio lililofaulu hutajwa kutokea 14 Desemba 1903, ambako Wilbur alikaa hewani kwa sekunde tatu. Karika siku zilizofuata, waliruka tena na hadi mwaka 1904 waliweza kukaa hewani tayari dakika moja na nusu na kumaliza mviringo hewani. [3] Mwaka 1905 walitegeneza ndege yao ya tatu iliyoweza kukaa hewani kwa kilomita 39.4 katika muda wa dakika 38.
Akina Wright hawakutangaza kazi yao kwa sababu walitaka kuanza biashara wakiogopa watu wengine watatumia mbinu zao na kuzitumia kwa ndege za wenyewe. Hatimaye waliridhika walifika mahali walifanya maonyesho kwa ajili ya jeshi la Marekani na serikali ya Ufaransa kwenye mwaka 1908. [7]
Baada ya hapo, walianzisha kampuni ya kujenga ndege. Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia Wilbur alifariki. Orville aliendelea kufanya kazi ili kuweka sifa yake kama mtu wa kwanza kuruka. Baadaye aliuza kampuni yake akipumzika. Alifariki mnamo 1948.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale is the standard setting and record-keeping body for aeronautics and astronautics worldwide. They officially said the Wright brothers flight was "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".
- ↑ http://wright-brothers.wikidot.com/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Telegram from Orville Wright in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to His Father Announcing Four Successful Flights, 1903 December 17". World Digital Library. 1903-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-07-22.
- ↑ What Dreams We Have
- ↑ "The Van Cleve Bicycle that the Wrights Built and Sold". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-10-08. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-22.
- ↑ "Wilbur Wright Working in the Bicycle Shop". World Digital Library. 1897. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-07-22.
- ↑ "L'Aerophile," August 11, 1908, quoted in Crouch, p. 368. Demonstration flights were made Aug. 8-15, 1908. (Crouch, p. 366-7.).
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Works by Orville and Wilbur Wright katika Project Gutenberg
- Kigezo:Internet Archive author
- Original Letters From The Wright Brothers: The First Flight Ilihifadhiwa 20 Aprili 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine. Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- To Fly Is Everything Articles, photos, historical texts
- The Wright Experience Articles and photos about construction of replica gliders and airplanes Ilihifadhiwa 10 Februari 2021 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- What Dreams We Have E-book by National Park Service historian
- FirstFlight: flight simulation, videos and experiments
- Scientific American magazine (December 2003 Issue) The Equivocal Success of the Wright Brothers
- PBS Nova: The Wright Brothers' Flying Machines
- "Wright Flyer III (1905)" at ASME.org
- FAI NEWS: "100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality"
- Wright Brothers, National Park Service
- Orville Wright Personal Manuscripts
- Guide to Postcards on Wright's Airplane Ascension at Le Mans 1908 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
Maisha yao
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company virtual museum
- pictures, letters and other sources from National Archives
- Wright Brothers Collection (MS-1) at Wright State University
- Wright Brothers Collection (MS-001) at Dayton Metro Library
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with David McCullough on The Wright Brothers, May 31, 2015
Leseni
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Kigezo:US patent – Flying machine – O. & W. Wright
- patent in HTML
Makumbusho
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- The Wright Brothers – The Invention of the Aerial Age Smithsonian Institution
- Smithsonian Stories of the Wright flights
- Wilbur Wright Birthplace Museum
- Wright Aeronautical Engineering Collection The Franklin Institute
- Wright-Dunbar Interpretive Center and the Wright Cycle Company Ilihifadhiwa 6 Agosti 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.
Picha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog – Wright Brothers Negatives
- Outer Banks of NC Wright Photographs: 1900–1911(Sourced from Library of Congress)
- Video clips about the invention of the fixed-wing aircraft
- The Pioneer Aviation Group Many pictures of early flying machines and a comprehensive chronology of flight attempts
- Wilbur Wright photo gallery at Corbis (page one)
- Orville Wright photo gallery at Corbis (page one)
- Wright Brothers Collection digital images at Wright State University
- New Scientist magazine, Scientific Firsts: Print of Wright Flyer in France 1907
- Wilbur's world famous Model A Flyer "France" sits in a hall of honor on display in a Paris museum after Wilbur donated it to the French. Its whereabouts afterwards are unknown. Sharing space with the Wright A is a Bleriot VI or VII, an Antoinette and a Voisin
- Wright Brothers' Newspapers at Dayton Metro Library
