Ghat ya Magharibi

Ghat ya Magharibi (Wetsren Ghats) upande wa magahribi wa Bara Hindi

Milima ya Ghat ya Magharibi ni eneo la milima inayoenea katika urefu wa km 1,600 sambamba na pwani ya magharibi ya Bara Hindi, kupitia majimbo ya Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra na Gujarat.

Ni eneo lililoandikishwa na UNESCO kama Urithi wa Dunia likiwa kati ya vitovu vya bioanwai. Kuna idadi kubwa ya spishi za wanyama na mimea ambayo inapatikana nchini Uhindi pekee.

Jina

Jina la "ghat" katika lugha za Kihindi linamaanisha "safu ya milima". Safu hiyo ina athira kubwa kwa hali ya hewa na mwendo wa masika ya monsuni (pepo za msimu katika Bahari Hindi) yanayoonyesha kwa wingi kwenye mitelemko ya magharibi ya Ghat ilhali kiasi kinachofika upande wa mashariki ni kidogo.

Maeneo

Masafa ya milima ya Ghat huanzia kaskazini kuelekea kusini kando ya magharibi na kuacha tambarare nyembamba kwenye pwani ya magharibi.

Maeneo mengi ndani ya Ghat yametengwa kama hifadhi ya taifa au misitu inayohifadhiwa.

Masafa huanza karibu na mji wa Songadh wa Gujarat, na kuishia karibu na ncha ya kusini ya Uhindi. Eneo la milima hii lina jumla ya kilomita za mraba 160,000 na kuwa eneo la kukusanya maji kwa mito inayomwagilia asilimia 40 za Uhindi. Mwinuko wa wastani ni mnamo mita 1,200 juu ya UB.

Vilele

Ghat ya Magharibi huwa na milima mirefu inayofikia kimo cha zaidi ya mita 2000. Mlima Anamudi (mita 2,695) ndio mlima mrefu zaidi.

Chanzo cha mito

Mvua inayonyesha kwenye Ghat ya Magharibi unalisha mito mingi ya kudumu ya Uhindi. Mifumo mikubwa ya mito inayotokea kwenye Ghat ya Magharibi, hii ni pamoja na mito ya Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna, Thamiraparani na Tungabhadra . Mito mingi midogo zaidi yenye chanzo kwenye Ghat inajiunga na mito hiyo, na hubeba maji mengi wakati wa miezi ya masika. Mito hiyo inaelekea hasa upande wa mashariki ikifuata mtelemko wa nchi ikiishia kwenye Ghuba ya Bengali.

Mito ya Periyar, Bharathappuzha, Pamba, Netravati, Sharavathi, Mandovi na Zuari inashuka upande wa magharibi ikiishia katika Bahari Arabu. Kutokana na mtelemko mkali upande huu inashuka kwa kasi kali.

Maporomoko ya Jog huko Karnataka, moja ya milango ya kuvutia zaidi nchini India.

Mvua ya kila mwaka kando ya mkoa wa Magharibi wa Ghat.

Mvua

Kanda ya Maharashtra kwa wastani hupata mvua nzito kuliko mikoa ya Karnataka, Kerala na Goa. Katika Maharashtra mvua inaenea sawasawa zaidi kwa sababu mabonde mengi yanaruhusu sehemu za mawingu kupita safu ya Ghat. Lakini Ghat huko Karnataka inaacha nafasi chache za mawingu kupita hivyo miteremko ya magharibi ya Karnataka hupokea mvua kubwa, zaidi ya sm 400, kushinda sehemu nyingine za Ghat ya Magharibi.

Mahali	Eneo	Kiwango cha mvua cha mwaka (milimita)
Agumbe	Karnataka, Thirthahalli Thirthahalli, Karnataka	mm 7624
Amboli	Maharashtra, Sindhudurg Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra	mm 3859
Hulikal	Karnataka, Hosanagara Hosanagara, Karnataka	5316
Amagaon	Karnataka, Khanapur Khanapur, Karnataka	mm 4089
Kakkalli	Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka	mm 4921
Nilkund	Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka	mm 4369
Mahabaleshwar	Maharashtra, Satara Satara district, Maharashtra	mm 5761
Devimane	Karnataka, Uttara Kannada, Sirsi Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka	mm 3981
Surli	Karnataka, Hosanagara Hosanagara, Karnataka	mm 4335
Lonavla	Maharashtra, Pune Pune district, Maharashtra	mm 4073
Charmadi	Karnataka, Mudigere Mudigere, Karnataka	mm 4131
Samse	Karnataka, Mudigere Mudigere, Karnataka	mm 3914
Kollur	Karnataka, Udupi Udupi district, Karnataka	mm 4992
Makkiyad	Kerala, Wayanad Wayanad district, Kerala	mm 3714
Kudremukh	Karnataka, Chikmagalur Chikmagalur district, Karnataka	mm 4158
Rajamalai	Kerala, Idukki Idukki, Kerala	mm 4785
Nyamakad	Kerala, Idukki Idukki, Kerala	mm 3007
Sholayar	Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	mm 3024
Vythiri	Kerala, Wayanad Wayanad district, Kerala	mm 4000
Pookode	Kerala, Wayanad Wayanad district, Kerala	mm 3957
Dhamanohol	Maharashtra, Mulshi taluka Mulshi taluka, Maharashtra	mm 6255
Mulshi	Maharashtra, Pune Pune district, Maharashtra	mm 5100
Tamhini Ghat	Maharashtra, Mulshi taluka Mulshi taluka, Maharashtra	mm 5255
Chinnakallar	Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu	mm 2947
Rock Rock	Karnataka, Uttara Kannada Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka	mm 5132

Mamalia

• 
  Gats Magharibi ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya tiger nje ya Sunderbans .
• 
  Macaque iliyokuwa hatarini iliyo na hatarishi ni hatari kwa Gats Magharibi.
• 
  Kanda ya Magharibi ya Ghats ina idadi kubwa zaidi ya ndovu ya India nchini India.
• 
  Ni watu 100 tu wa Nilgiri tahr waliachwa mnamo 2001 lakini walipatikana kufikia 3,300 kufikia 2010.
• 
  Nilgiri langur ya mwisho iko hatarini.

Marejeo

• Mahajan, Harshal. A rendezvous with Sahyadri
• Ingalhalikar, Shrikant. Flowers of Sahyadri. Corolla Publication; Pune
• Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC.
• Kapadia, Harish. Trek the Sahyadris
• Daniels, R.J. Ranjit, Wildlife institute of India, "Biodiversity in the Western Ghats"
• Ajith Kumar, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India, Ravi Chellam, B.C.Choudhury, Divya Mudappa, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, N.M.Ishwar, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun, India, Barry Noon, Department of Fish and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, U.S. (2002) "Impact of Rainforest Fragmentation on Small Mammals and Herpetofauna in the Western Ghats, South India", Final Report, pp. 146, illus. Full text retrieved 14 March 2007
• Verma Desh Deepak (2002) "Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems", Ministry of Environment and Forests,13pp, retrieved 27 March 2007 Thematic Report on Mountain Ecosystems Full text, detailed data, not cited.
• Abstracts, Edited by Lalitha Vijayan, Saconr. Vasudeva, University of Dharwad, Priyadarsanan, ATREE, Renee Borges, CES, ISSC, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Atree & WCSP. Pramod, Sacon, Jagannatha Rao, R., FRLHTR. J. Ranjit Daniels, Care Earth, Compiled by S. Somasundaram, Sacon (1–2 December 2005) Integrating Science and Management of Biodiversity in the Western Ghats, 2nd National Conference of the Western Ghats Forum, Venue: State Forest Service College Coimbatore, Organized by Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Anaikatty, Coimbatore – 641108, India. Sponsored by Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Supported by The Arghyam Foundation, The Ford Foundation & Sir Dorabiji Trust Through Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE)
• Shifting Cultivation, Sacred Groves and Conflicts in Colonial Forest Policy in the Western Ghats. Ilihifadhiwa 23 Septemba 2015 kwenye Wayback Machine. M.D. Subash Chandran; Chapter 22

Viungo vya nje

• Gats Magharibi, wavuti ya Urithi wa Dunia wa UNESCO
• Gats Magharibi, WWF

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Uhindi bado ni mbegu. Je unajua kitu kuhusu Ghat ya Magharibi kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.