Metarhizium
Metarhizium | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mende aliyeuawa na Metarhizium anisopliae
| ||||||||||||||||
Uainishaji wa kisayansi | ||||||||||||||||
|
Metarhizium ni jenasi ya kuvu entomopathojeni (kuvu zisababishazo magonjwa kwa wadudu) katika familia Clavicipitaceae. Tangu kuwadia kwa mihtasari ya jenetiki imewezekana kuweka kuvu hizi kwenye taksoni (aina) zao za kufaa. Nyingi sana zimetokea kuwa jinsi za kuvu za Ascomycota ambazo sina jinsia (anamorfi).
Spishi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kabla ya mbinu za kimolekuli kuletwa mwishoni mwa karne ya 20, spishi za "Metarhizium" zilitambuliwa kwa sifa za kimofolojia (haswa spora). Spishi za asili zilijumuishwa: M. anisopliae (pamoja na M.a. var. major), M. brunneum, M. cicadinum, M. cylindrosporum, M. flavoviride, M. taii, M. truncatum na M. viridicolumnare.
Mwaka 2009 namna tisa za zamani zimepewa hadhi ya spishi pamoja na M. anisopliae inayojulikana sana[1]. Spishi mpya zimeendelea kutambuliwa na pengine majina ya asili yalirudishwa (haswa M. Brunneum ). Sasa (Julai 2018) index fungorum inaorodhesha[2]:
- Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. acridum)
- Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn (1883)
- Metarhizium atrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium bibionidarum O. Nishi & H. Sato (2017)
- Metarhizium blattodeae C. Montalva, Humber, K. Collier & C. Luz (2016)
- Metarhizium brasiliense Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium brittlebankisoides (Zuo Y. Liu, Z.Q. Liang, Whalley, Y.J. Yao & A.Y. Liu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium brunneum Petch (1935)
- Metarhizium campsosterni (W.M. Zhang & T.H. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium carneum (Duché & R. Heim) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium chaiyaphumense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
- Metarhizium cicadinum (Höhn.) Petch (1931)
- Metarhizium cylindrosporum Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)
- Metarhizium dendrolimatilis Z.Q. Liang, Wan H. Chen, Y.F. Han & X. Zou (2017)
- Metarhizium flavoviride W. Gams & Rozsypal (1973)
- Metarhizium frigidum J.F. Bisch. & S.A. Rehner (2007)
- Metarhizium globosum J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
- Metarhizium granulomatis (Sigler) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium guniujiangense (C.R. Li, B. Huang, M.Z. Fan & Z.Z. Li) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium indigoticum (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium kalasinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
- Metarhizium khaoyaiense (Hywel-Jones) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium koreanum Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium kusanagiense (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium lepidiotae (Driver & Milner) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. lepidiotae)
- Metarhizium majus (J.R. Johnst.) J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009) (prev. M. anisopliae var. major)
- Metarhizium marquandii (Massee) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium minus (Rombach, Humber & D.W. Roberts) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) (prev. M. flavoviride var. minus)
- Metarhizium novozealandicum (Driver & Milner) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium owariense (Kobayasi) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium pemphigi (Driver & Milner) Kepler, Humber & S.A. Rehner (2014)
- Metarhizium pinghaense Q.T. Chen & H.L. Guo (1986)
- Metarhizium prachinense Tasan., Khons., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
- Metarhizium pseudoatrovirens (Kobayasi & Shimizu) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium purpureogenum O. Nishi, S. Shimizu & H. Sato (2017)
- Metarhizium reniforme (Samson & Evans) Luangsa-ard, Boucias & Hywel-Jones (2017)
- Metarhizium rileyi (Farl.) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014) (prev. Nomuraea rileyi)
- Metarhizium robertsii J.F. Bisch., S.A. Rehner & Humber (2009)
- Metarhizium samlanense Luangsa-ard, Thanakitp., Tasan., Mongkols. & Hywel-Jones (2017)
- Metarhizium taii Z.Q. Liang & A.Y. Liu (1991)
- Metarhizium takense Tasan., Thanakitp., Mongkols. & Luangsa-ard (2017)
- Metarhizium truncatum Petch (1931)
- Metarhizium viride (Segretain, Fromentin, Destombes, Brygoo & Dodin ex Samson) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
- Metarhizium viridicolumnare (Matsush.) Matsush. (1993)
- Metarhizium viridulum (Tzean, L.S. Hsieh, J.L. Chen & W.J. Wu) B. Huang & Z.Z. Li (2004)
- Metarhizium yongmunense (G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung & Spatafora) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber (2014)
Majina mengine ya spishi zilizoainishwa tena
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- M. album Petch, 1931 inaainishwa katika M. anisopliae sasa.
- M. glutinosum imewekwa katika familia Stachybotryaceae sasa kama Albifimbria (Myrothecium) verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) L. Lombard & Crous[3].
- M. martiale inaainishwa kama Nigelia martiale (Speg.) Luangsa-ard & Thanakitp. (Clavicipitaceae)[4].
Teleomorfi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Inaonekana kama teleomorfi za spishi za Metarhizium ni wana wa jenasi Metacordyceps[5]. Metacordyceps taii (kama Cordyceps taii) imefafanua kama teleomorfi ya Metarhizium taii[6]. Kwa muda fulani imefahamu kuwa kisawe cha M. guizhouense, lakini jina M. taii limerudishwa sasa[7].
Hakuna uhakika kuhusu swali kwamba spishi na namna nyingine za Metarhizium zina teleomorfi zao zenyewe. Inawezekana kwamba namna nyingi zimepoteza uwezo wa kuzaliana kwa kijinsia.
Udhibiti wa nzige
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Katika miaka ya 1990 mradi wa utafiti wa LUBILOSA ulithibitisha kwamba M. acridum ilikuwa na ufanisi katika kuua nzige na wana wengine wa familia za Acrididea bila athari mbaya zinazopatikana katika majaribio ya nje kwa spishi zozote zisizolengwa isipokuwa viwavi-hariri wa kufugwa Bombyx mori[8]. Hivi sasa inazalishwa kama dawa ya kibiolojia kwa jina "Novacrid" na kampuni ya Eléphant Vert katika kiwanda chao huko Meknès, Maroko[9]. Hivi karibuni (2019) kampuni hiyo hiyo ilipata leseni ya kuzalisha na kuuza kifundiro asili kilichotengenezwa na LUBILOSA, ambacho kinaitwa Green Muscle. Kifundiro cha tatu, Green Guard, kinazalishwa na BASF ya Australia kwa udhibiti wa nzige wa tauni wa Australia na panzi bila mabawa[10].
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Bischoff J.F., Rehner S.A. Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202. PMID 19623931.
- ↑ Species fungorum search Metarhizium (retrieved 19 July 2018)
- ↑ Lombard L, Crous PW (2016) in: Lombard, Houbraken, Decock, Samson, Meijer, Réblová, Groenewald & Crous Persoonia 36: 177.
- ↑ Luangsa-ard, Thanakitpipattana (2017) in: Luangsa-ard, Mongkolsamrit, Thanakitpipattana, Khonsanit, Tasanathai, Noisripoom, Humber. Index Fungorum 345: 1.
- ↑ Sung, G.-H., Hywel-Jones, N.L., Sung, J.-M., Luangsa-ard, J.J., Shrestha, B. and Spatafora1, J.W. (2007). "Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the clavicipitaceous fungi". Studies in Mycology. 57: 5–59. doi:10.3114/sim.2007.57.01. PMC 2104736. PMID 18490993.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Liang, Z.-Q., Liu, A.-Y., Liu, J.-L. (1991). "A new species of the genus Cordyceps and its Metarhizium anamorph". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10: 257–262.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Huang B., Li C., Humber R.A., Hodge K.T., Fan M. and Li Z. (2005). "Molecular evidence for the taxonomic status of Metarhizium taii and its teleomorph, Cordyceps taii (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae)". Mycotaxon. 94: 137–147.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Lomer, C.J.; Bateman, R.P.; Johnson, D.L.; Langewald, J.; Thomas, M. (2001). "Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers". Annual Review of Entomology. 46: 667–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667. PMID 11112183.
- ↑ "Tovuti ya kampuni ya Elephant Vert". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2017-07-06. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-01-17.
- ↑ Tovuti ya BASF