Metarhizium acridum
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.jpg) Nzige aliyeuawa na Metarhizium acridum
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Metarhizium acridum[1] ni jina jipya la kundi la matenganisho ya kuvu ambayo yanajuliwa kusababisha maambukizi dhidi ya spishi za Acrididea pekee. Zamani spishi hii ilikuwa na hadhi ya namna katika Metarhizium anisopliae (var. acridum[2]). Kabla ya hii matenganisho haya yalitambulishwa kama M. flavoviride au Metarhizium sp.[3] Yaunda kundi la matenganisho kutoka panzi na nzige ambayo yanafanana sana.
Biolojia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]M. acridum inaambukiza takriban pekee panzi wa nusuoda Caelifera ya Orthoptera. Makundi kadhaa ya uchunguzi, k.m. mradi wa mataifa LUBILOSA, ambao umeendeleza dawa ya kibiolojia “Green Muscle”, yametambua na yameshughulikia changamoto za kifundi za matumizi ya udhibiti wa visumbufu kwa vijidudu, kujumuisha: uchaguzi wa matenganisho, uzalishaji kwa wingi na njia za matumizi (michanganyiko na mapulizaji).[4] Kwa maneno mengine udhibiti wa wadudu unaegemea vipengele kama namba ya spora ipulizwayo juu ya wadudu, mchanganyiko[5] na hali ya hewa.[6] Michanganyiko katika mafuta inawezesha upulizaji wa spora za kuvu wakati wa hali kavu na inafalia upulizaji kwa mashine za kiwango kidogo sana zinazotumika kwa udhibiti wa nzige.
M. acridum inaambukiza panzi na nzige tu. Wanasayansi walitaka kujua kwa nini kimelea hiki ni mahususi kwa shabaha yake. Wanafikiri kwamba sababu ni ukosa wa jeni Mest1 katika M. acridum. Utafiti wa wanasayansi wa Uchina ulijaribu shughuli ya jeni hii. Walikuwa wakitumia aina ya M. robertsi isiyo na jeni Mest1 ifanyayo kazi, wanasayansi waliona kwamba kuvu hii iliweza kuambukiza panzi na nzige tu kama M. acridum kabisa.[7]
Sasa USDA inafikiria kuhusu uachiaji wa M. acridum katika MMA ya magharibi ili kudhibiti panzi na nyenje wa kienyeji.[8]
Matenganisho maalum
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- IMI 330189 (= ARSEF 7486) ni mfano wa zamani wa spishi na ilipatwa huko Niger: kiambato cha utendaji cha “Green Muscle”.
- CSIRO FI 485 (= ARSEF 324) ni tenganisho la Australia: kiambato cha utendaji cha “Green Guard”.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Bischoff J.F., Rehner S.A. and Humber R.A. (2009). "A multilocus phylogeny of the Metarhizium anisopliae lineage". Mycologia. 101 (4): 512–530. doi:10.3852/07-202. PMID 19623931.
- ↑ Driver, F., Milner, R.J. and Trueman, W.H.A. (2000). "A Taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA". Mycological Research. 104 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1017/S0953756299001756.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Bateman, R.P., Carey, M., Batt, D., Prior, C., Abraham, Y., Moore, D., Jenkins, N., Fenlon J. (1996). "Screening for virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi against the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 6 (4): 549–560. doi:10.1080/09583159631181.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Lomer, C.J., Bateman, R.P., Johnson, D.L., Langewald, J. and Thomas, M. (2001). "Biological Control of Locusts and Grasshoppers". Annual Review of Entomology. 46: 667–702. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667. PMID 11112183.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Burges, H.D. (ed.) (1998). Formulation of microbial biopesticides, beneficial microorganisms, nematodes and seed treatments. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. uk. 412 pp. ISBN 0-412-62520-2.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ↑ Thomas, M.H. and Blanford, S. (2003). "Thermal biology in insect-parasite interactions". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 18 (7): 344–350. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00069-7.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Wang S, Fang W, Wang C, St. Leger RJ (2011) Insertion of an Esterase Gene into a Specific Locust Pathogen (Metarhizium acrid) Enables It to Infect Caterpillars. PLoS Pathog 7(6): e1002097. http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002097
- ↑ "Rangeland Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Program". USDA-APHIS. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-12-09. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Januari 2011.