Edmond Halley
Edmond Halley (8 Novemba 1656 - 14 Januari 1742) alikuwa mwanaastronomia kutoka nchini Uingereza. [1]
Alikuwa pia mtaalamu wa hisabati, wa metorolojia na wa fizikia. Halley anajulikana zaidi kwa kukadiria obiti ya nyotamkia iliyopata jina lake, yaani Nyotamkia ya Halley .
Familia na elimu ya awali
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Halley alizaliwa katika kaunti ya Middlesex, Uingereza. Babake Edmond Halley alikuwa fundi wa sabuni mjini London na tajiri. Aliposoma shuleni kijana Halley alivutwa sana na hisabati. Alisoma shule ya St Paul's alipoanza kujifunza astronomia. 1673 aliingia Queen's College mjini Oxford. Wakati bado alikuwa mwanafunzi, Halley alitunga makala kuhusu Mfumo wa Jua na madoa ya Jua.
Pale Oxford Halley alifahamiana na mwanaastronomia mashuhuri John Flamsteed aliyekuwa akikusanya habari za nyota zote zilizoweza kutazamiwa kwenye angakaskazi na kuandaa orodha ya namba za Flamsteed. Halley alijitolea kufanya kazi ileile kwa ajili ya angakusi.
Kazi ya kitaalamu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mnamo mwaka 1676, alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 20, aliondoka katika Oxford akasafiri kwenda kisiwa cha St Helena katika Atlantiki ya kusini akaanzisha paoneaanga na kuchunguza nyota akaweza kuorodhesha nyota 341 za angakusi. [2] Mafanikio haya yalimpatia shahada ya uzamili (MA).
Kwenye Septemba 1682 alitazama nyota yenye mendo kwenye aliyotambua kuwa ni nyotamkia ailiyowahi kutazamiwa. Alitabiri kurudi kwake mnamo mwaka 1758. Halley mwenyewe aliaga dunia kabla ya marudio lakini wataalamu wa wakati walikumbuka utabiri wake n hivyo nyotamkia hii iliyoendelea kurudi ilipata jina lake.
Mnamo 1686, Halley alichapisha sehemu ya pili ya matokeo kutoka kwa msafara wake wa St. Helena . Hii ilikuwa makala kuhusu upepo na monsuni. Hapa alitambua ni joto la Jua linalosababisha miendo katika angahewa. Aliatambua uhusiano baina kanieneo angahewa jinsi inavyopinwa kwa barometa na kimo juu ya usawa wa bahari . Halley pia alimshawishi Sir Isaac Newton kuchapisha kitabu kuhusu uvumbuzi wake wa graviti .
Mnamo 1691 Halley alitafuta nafasi ya Profesa wa astronomia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford . Kwa vile alikuwa anajulikana kama mkanaji Mungu, alipingwa na Askofu Mkuu wa Canterbury, John Tillotson halafu hakuchaguiwa. [3]
Yaliyopewa jina la Halley
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Kasoko ya Halley (kasoko kwenye Mwezi)
- Kasoko ya Halley (kasoko kwenye sayari Mirihi)
- Kituo cha Utafiti cha Halley, Antaktiki
- Mbinu wa Halley, katika hisabati njia ya suluhisho la milinganyo mingi
- Halley Street, huko Blackburn, Victoria, Australia Edmund Halley Road, mjini Oxford, Uingereza Nyotamkoa ya Halley, inayorudi kila baada ya miaka 76
- Halley Street, huko Blackburn, Victoria, Australia
- Edmund Halley Road, mjini Oxford, Uingereza
- Nyotamkia ya Halley, inayorudi kila baada ya miaka 76
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Mra nyingi anatajwa kwa umbo la "Edmund" lakini mwenyewe alipendelea kuandika "Edmond" The Times (London) Notes and Queries #254, 8 November 1902 p36
- ↑ "Gazetteer - p7. Monuments in France - page 338". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-07-16. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-10-15.
- ↑ Derek Gjertsen The Newton Handbook, p250.
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Edmond Halley Biography (SEDS)
- A Halley Odyssey
- The National Portrait Gallery (London) has several portraits of Halley: Search the collection Ilihifadhiwa 19 Desemba 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Halley, Edmond, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind (1693)
- Halley, Edmond, Some Considerations about the Cause of the Universal Deluge (1694)
- Material on Halley's life table for Breslau on the Life & Work of Statisticians site: Halley, Edmond
- Halley, Edmund, Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars (1718) – Reprinted in R. G. Aitken, Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions (1942)
- Halley, Edmund, A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets (1715) annexed on pages 881 to 905 of volume 2 of The Elements of Astronomy by David Gregory
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Edmond Halley", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
- Online catalogue of Halley's working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library) Ilihifadhiwa 21 Oktoba 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Halley, Edmond (1724) "Some considerations about the cause of the universal deluge, laid before the Royal Society, on the 12th of December 1694" Ilihifadhiwa 15 Oktoba 2019 kwenye Wayback Machine. and "Some farther thoughts upon the same subject, delivered on the 19th of the same month" Ilihifadhiwa 15 Oktoba 2019 kwenye Wayback Machine. Philosophical Transactions, Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World. Vol. 33 p. 118–125. – digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library