Ubepari
(Elekezwa kutoka Bepari)
Ubepari ni mfumo wa uchumi ambamo biashara, viwanda na vitegauchumi vingine vinatawaliwa na watu binafsi kwa kiasi kikubwa na kwa lengo la kupata faida. Nafasi ya serikali ni ndogo. Vilevile lengo la kuhudumia jamii katika mahitaji yake haliongozi mipango.[1][2]
Kati ya sifa za ubepari kuna ulimbikizaji wa mtaji, ushindani katika soko huria na kazi zinazolipwa mshahara.[3]
Katika mfumo huo, pande zinazokabiliana zinapanga zenyewe bei kwa makubaliano, bila kuingiliwa na mamlaka yoyote ya nje.[4]
Ubepari una viwango tofauti vya uhuru huo, kadiri ya nchi:[5]Kiingereza kinaainisha laissez-faire capitalism, welfare capitalism, crony capitalism na state capitalism.[6]
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kihistoria, ubepari uliwahi kuwepo tangu zamani kwa namna mbalimbali, lakini ulianza kutawala baada ya mifumo ya Karne za Kati za Ulaya kupitwa na wakati na mapinduzi ya viwanda kushika kasi. Ubeberu, ukoloni, halafu utandawazi vimefanya ubepari uenee duniani kote.[7]
Katika karne ya 20 ubepari ulishindana na mfumo mbadala wa ukomunisti ambao ulitia mkazo juu ya majukumu ya serikali katika uchumi mpaka kuwanyima wananchi nafasi ya kuwajibika. Hata hivyo, baada ya kushinda,[8][9] [10]ubepari pia umeingiza uchumi wa dunia katika hali tete, kama ilivyojitokeza mwanzoni mwa karne ya 21.
Watetezi wa ubepari wanasisitiza kwamba mfumo huo unaleta ustawi wa jamii ulio mkubwa kuliko ule unaoletwa na mifumo mingine yoyote, kiasi kwamba hatimaye wote wanafaidika, si matajiri tu.[11] Critics of capitalism variously associate it with economic instability,[12]
Wengi wanapinga hoja hiyo kwa kuonyesha umati unaokosa kazi na huduma za msingi kutokana na pesa kutiwa maanani kuliko binadamu na mazingira kutumika kuliko uwezo wake wa kustahimili.[13][14]. Kanisa Katoliki limejitokeza kwa namna ya pekee kati ya dini mbalimbali kukosoa ubepari [15][16][17][18] kama ulivyokosoa na hatimaye kuangusha ukomunisti wa Ulaya Mashariki (1989) likiongozwa na Papa Yohane Paulo II.[19][20]
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ “Capitalism” Archived 27 Agosti 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionaries. “capitalism. an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.” Retrieved 4 January 2013.
- ↑ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. “Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.” London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE. p. 383.
- ↑ Heilbroner, Robert L. "capitalism." Durlauf, Steven N.and Lawrence E. Blume, eds., The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
- ↑ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism "an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, and by prices, production, and the distribution of goods that are determined mainly by competition in a free market"
- ↑ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
- ↑ Stilwell, Frank. “Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas.” First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.
- ↑ James, Paul; Gills, Barry (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism. London: Sage Publications.
- ↑ Capitalism. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.
- ↑ James Fulcher, Capitalism, A Very Short Introduction, “In one respect there can, however, be little doubt that capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems.” p. 99, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7.
- ↑ James, Paul; Gills, Barry (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism. London: Sage Publications. uk. xxiii.
- ↑ Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962.
- ↑ Krugman, Paul, Wells, Robin, Economics, Worth Publishers, New York, (2006)
- ↑ McMurty, John (1999). The Cancer Stage of Capitalism. PLUTO PRESS. ISBN 0-7453-1347-7.
- ↑ The Rise of Capitalism, 2011. Socialist Standard, no. 1284, August 2011.
- ↑ Caritas in veritate paragraph 36
- ↑ "III. The Social Doctrine of the Church". The Vatican. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Februari 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ O'Leary, Naomi, "Pope Attacks 'Tyranny' of Markets in Manifesto for Papacy" Archived 21 Agosti 2014 at the Wayback Machine.. Reuters (November 2013) Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- ↑ Zachary A. Goldfarb and Michelle Boorstein (26 November 2013). Pope Francis denounces ‘trickle-down’ economic theories in critique of inequality. The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ "The first world leader". The Guardian. 4 Aprili 2005. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Novemba 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ The Associated Press (2012). "Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03". web.archive.org. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2004-04-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Januari 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Bacher, Christian (2007). Capitalism, Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self-Exploitation. Munich: GRIN Verlag. uk. 2. ISBN 978-3-638-63658-2.
- De George, Richard T. (1986). Business Ethics. New York: Macmillan. uk. 104. ISBN 978-0-02-328010-8.
- Fulcher, James (2004). Capitalism A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280218-7.
- James, Paul; Gills, Barry (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism. London: Sage Publications.
- Lash, Scott; Urry, John (2000). "Capitalism". Katika Abercrombie, Nicholas; Hill, Stephen; Turner, Bryan S (whr.). The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology (tol. la 4th). London: Penguin Books. ku. 36–40. ISBN 978-0-14-051380-6.
- McCraw, Thomas K. (Agosti 2011). "The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism". The Montreal Review. ISSN 0707-9656.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Obrinsky, Mark (1983). Profit Theory and Capitalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Kigezo:Subscription required. uk. 1. ISBN 978-0-8122-7863-7.
- Wolf, Eric R. (1982). Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04459-3.
- Wood, Ellen Meiksins (2002). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-392-5.
Marejeo mengine
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Alperovitz, Gar (2011). America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition. Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701
- Block, Fred; Somers, Margaret R. (2014). The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05071-6.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Harvey, David (2014). Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019936026X.
- James, Paul; Patomäki, Heikki (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy. London: Sage Publications.
- James, Paul; Palen, Ronen (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions. London: Sage Publications.
- James, Paul; O’Brien, Robert (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour. London: Sage Publications.
- Mander, Jerry (2012). The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System. Counterpoint. ISBN 1619021587.
- Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp. 50–104. N.B.: The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (passim.) in the book.
- Musacchio, Aldo; Lazzarini, Sergio G. (2014). Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72968-1.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9
- Piketty, Thomas (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 067443000X.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Polanyi, Karl (2001). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X
- Roberts, Paul Craig (2013). The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5
- Wallerstein, Immanuel (1983). Historical Capitalism. Verso Books. ISBN 0860917614.
- Wolff, Richard D. (2012). Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism. Haymarket Books. ISBN 1608462471.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
- Hessen, Robert (2008). Capitalism. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (tol. la 2nd). Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
- Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University
- Center for the Study of Capitalism at Wake Forest University
- Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012
- Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org
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