Kigugumizi

Kigugumizi (kutoka kitenzi "kugugumia", kwa Kiingereza: "stuttering" au "stammering" ni shida ya baadhi ya watu katika kusema: wanakadiriwa kuwa 5-6% za watoto na 1% za watu wazima. Wanaume wanapatwa mara 4 kuliko wanawake. Kwa kawaida shida inaanza katika umri wa miaka 2-6. Mhusika anajua la kusema, lakini maneno yanamtoka tofauti, kwa mfano kuna:

marudio ya fonimu, sehemu ya maneno au sentensi
mkwamo kabla ya maneno fulanifulani
urefushaji wa sauti (hhhhhhhhhham badala ya ham)
kusimama
kusema kitu tofauti na kilichokusudiwa
kusita au kuhangaika ili kusema kitu
misuli kukazwa usoni au shingoni

Matatizo hayo yanaweza yakamuathiri sana mtu hata kumzuia asipate marafiki au asikabili mazingira fulanifulani, bali azidi kujifungia.

Kati ya watu maarufu wenye shida hiyo kuna:

Marejeo

Guitar, Barry (2005). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment. San Diego: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3920-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
Kalinowski, JS; Saltuklaroglu, T (2006). Stuttering. San Diego: Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-011-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
Ward, David (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment. Hove and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).

Marejeo mengine

Alm, Per A. (2005). On the Causal Mechanisms of Stuttering Archived 18 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden.
Compton DG (1993). Stammering : its nature, history, causes and cures. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-56274-9.
Conture, Edward G (1990). Stuttering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-853631-7.
Fraser, Jane (2005). If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents. Stuttering Foundation of America. ISBN 0-933388-44-6.
Mondlin, M., How My Stuttering Ended [Case Study, Judith M. Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato] http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/casestudy/path/mondlin.html
Logan, Kenneth J. (2015). Fluency Disorders. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-407-6.
Raz, Mirla G. (2014). Preschool Stuttering: What Parents Can Do. GerstenWeitz Publishers. ISBN 9780963542625.
Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4.
Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from Stuttering. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053.
Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4.
Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from Stuttering. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053.

Viungo vya nje

Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering/
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/stutter.aspx

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