Farakano la Donato

Adhabu ya kifo.

Farakano la Donato lilitokea katika Kanisa la mkoa wa Afrika wa Dola la Roma hasa kati ya Waberberi wa Algeria na Tunisia za leo.

Farakano hilo lilikuwa na nguvu hasa katika karne ya 4 na ya 5.

Mizizi yake ni dhuluma za dola hilo dhidi ya Wakristo waliostawi mapema katika eneo hilo, hasa zile za kikatili zaidi zilizoagizwa na Kaisari Diokletiani.

Farakano lilipewa jina la askofu Donato Mkuu aliyeshika msimamo mkali kuhusu kuwasamehe walioasi ili kuokoa uhai wao.

Chanzo

Katika miaka 303-308 Kaisari Diokletiani alijaribu kwa nguvu zote kuharibu Kanisa na kufuta Ukristo. Mbinu moja ilikuwa kukusanya Maandiko matakatifu yote na kuzichoma moto.

Katika miaka hiyo migumu walitokea hata maaskofu kadhaa na wachungaji walioona heri kuwakabidhi askari Maandiko matakatifu kuliko kufa.

Baada ya mateso hayo kwisha na uhuru wa dini kupatikana, Wakristo walioasi au kukana imani walitaka kurudi. Hata wachungaji na maaskofu waliowahi kuwa dhaifu hiyo walipokelewa tena baada ya kutubu.

Ndipo Wakristo wa Karthago walio wengi walikataa kuwakubali tena. Wakiongozwa na Donato walimkataa aliyechaguliwa kuwa Askofu lakini alitoa Maandiko matakatifu kwa serikali akiwa shemasi.

Donato alisititiza ya kwamba aliyeasi hawezi kutoa sakramenti za kweli. Maana yake akibatiza, kuadhimisha kitubio au kutoa ekaristi, hizo huwa si sakramenti.

Walitaka kuongozwa na wale tu waliosimama imara (au labda: waliokuwa na bahati kutokamatwa).

Ndiyo sababu ya farakano, kwani Kanisa Katoliki lilitetea mafundisho ya kuwa kila Mkristo anaweza kuteleza katika dhambi, lakini toba inaponya makosa yote. Wafuasi wa Donato walijitenga wakijiona ndio Kanisa la kweli lenye waumini na viongozi walio safi.

Matokeo

Kanisa la Wadonato lilifikia kuwa na maaskofu hadi 200. Wakristo wengi walifuata mafundisho ya Donato, hasa wa asili ya Kiberberi vijijini ambao walijisikia wananyonywa na serikali ya Kiroma waliona Wadonato kama chombo cha upinzani wa kisiasa. Kumbe matatizo ya kisiasa na kikabila yaliingilia kati.

Farakano hilo la Donato lilidhoofisha sana Kanisa la Afrika Kaskazini. Wadonato walijivuna kuwa Wakristo bora kuliko wengine.

Viongozi wa Kanisa Katoliki walikosa mara nyingi upendo wakati wa kuwashughulikia. Augustino wa Hippo alitetea matumizi ya nguvu dhidi yao, ingawa baada ya kuona serikali ilivyowashughulikia kwa ukatili alilaulaumu.

Farakano hilo lilikuwa jeraha kubwa katika Ukristo wa Afrika Kaskazini. Walipokuja Waarabu mnamo mwaka 670 walikuta Ukristo uliogawanyika na kudhoofika, hasa baada ya dhuluma za Wavandali (wafuasi wa Ario) dhidi ya Wakristo wenyeji.

Si ajabu kwamba katika sehemu hiyo ya Afrika Ukristo ulipotea baada ya miaka kadhaa ya utawala wa Kiislamu. Pamoja na matatizo yaliyowapata chini ya utawala huo, Wakristo wa sehemu za Karthago (Tunisia na Algeria) walikuwa wamewahi kuona mfano huo mbaya wa Ukristo kwa muda mrefu mno.

Tazama pia

• Masimiani wa Bagai

Vyanzo

• Daniel, Robin (2010), This Holy Seed: Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of North Africa, Chester: Tamarisk Publications, ISBN 978-0-9538565-3-4.
• Frend, WHC (1952), The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-826408-9 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
• Tilley, Maureen A, mhr. (1996), Donatist martyr stories: the Church in conflict in Roman North Africa, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-931-2.
• ——— (1997), The Bible in Christian North Africa: The Donatist World, Fortress Press, ISBN 0-8006-2880-2.

Marejeo mengine

• Cameron, Michael (2001), "Augustine's Use of the Song of Songs Against the Donatists", katika van Fleteren, Frederick (mhr.), Augustine: Biblical Exegete, New York: Peter Lang.
• Cantor, Norman F (1995), The Civilization of the Middle Ages.
• Corcoran, John Anthony (1997), Augustinus Contra Donatistas, Donaldson: Graduate Theological Foundation.
• Keleher, James P (1961), Saint Augustine’s Notion of Schism in the Donatist Controversy, Mundelein: Saint Mary of the Lake Seminary.
• Lewis, Gordon R (Spring 1971), "Violence in the Name of Christ: The Significance of Augustine's Donatist Controversy for Today", Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, 14 (2): 103–10{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link).
• Paas, Steven (2005), A Conflict on Authority in the Early African Church: Augustine of Hippo and the Donatists, Kachere, Zomba{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
• Park, Jae-Eun (Ago 2013), "Lacking Love or Conveying Love? The Fundamental Roots of the Donatists and Augustine's Nuanced Treatment of Them", The Reformed Theological Review, 72 (2): 103–21{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link).
• Russell, Frederick H. (1999), "Persuading the Donatists: Augustine's Coercion by Words", katika Klingshirn, William E (mhr.), Limits of Ancient Christianity: Essays on Late Antique Thought and Culture in Honor of R. A. Markus, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Scalise, Charles J (Fall 1996), "Exegetical Warrants for Religious Persecution: Augustine vs. the Donatists", Review & Expositor, 93 (4): 497–506, doi:10.1177/003463739609300405{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link).
• Shimmyo, Theodore T (1991), "St Augustine's Treatment of the Donatist Heresy: An Interpretation", Patristic and Byzantine Review, 10 (3): 173–82.

Viungo vya nje

• Donatus & the Donatist Schism, UK: Early Church, a list of primary and secondary sources on the Donatists.
• "Donatists", Catholic Encyclopedia, New advent, goes into some detail about the politics in the early church that was the background for the rise and fall of Donatism.
• of Cirta, Petilian, Letter, Sean Multimedia, ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-02-10, iliwekwa mnamo 2015-07-19, written by a Donatist leader.
• Merrills, Andrew H (2004), Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa, Ashgate - new analysis of the textual, epigraphic and archaeological record.
• Donatism. Online Dynamic Bibliography.

Makala hii kuhusu dini ya Ukristo bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Farakano la Donato kama historia yake, matokeo au athari zake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.