Mapigano ya Stalingrad
Mapigano ya Stalingrad yalifanyika wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia kati ya Ujerumani chini ya Hitler (ikiungwa mkono na Italia, Romania, Hungaria na Korasya) na Jeshi Jekundu la Umoja wa Kisovyeti. Yalitokea kati ya 23 Agosti 1942 na 2 Februari 1943. Mapigano hayo huhesabiwa kati ya yale muhimu zadi ya Vita Kuu ya Pili kwa sababu yalikuwa mwisho wa kusogea mbele kwa jeshi la Ujerumani.
Stalingrad, inayoitwa sasa Volgograd, ni mji uliopo kwenye Mto Volga. Ilikuwa jiji muhimu la viwanda, na Volga ilikuwa njia muhimu ya usafirishaji. Dikteta Mjerumani Adolf Hitler alitaka kuteka Stalingrad kwa sababu iliitwa vile kwa heshima ya Josef Stalin, kiongozi wa Umoja wa Kisovieti. Kwa jumla alilenga vyanzo vya mafuta ya petroli kusini mwa Urusi[1].
Mnamo Juni 1942, Adolf Hitler aliamuru shambulio kusini mwa Urusi. Mwisho wa Julai jeshi la Ujerumani lilikuwa limefika Stalingrad. Mashambulizi ya jeshi la anga la Ujerumani yaligeuza jiji kuwa magofu[2]. Hitler na Stalin walituma idadi kubwa ya wanajeshi katika mapigano. Kila upande ulipewa amri ya kutorudi nyuma kwa kutishiwa adhabu ya kifo[3]. Wajerumani walifaulu kuteka asilimia 90 za eneo la jiji lakini Warusi waliendelea kujitetea katika mabaki na kuleta wanajeshi wapya.
Mnamo 19 Novemba 1942, Jeshi Jekundu lililoongozwa na jenerali Georgi Zhukov lilifaulu kuzunguka eneo la Stalingrad pande zote[4]. Hitler aliamuru jeshi lake libaki palepale akikataa wasiondoke na kujiunga na vikosi vingine. Wajerumani walijaribu kuleta mahitaji yote kwa ndege ndani ya jiji lakini walishindwa[5]. Mwisho wa Januari 1943, vikosi vya Wajerumani huko Stalingrad havikuwa na risasi wala chakula. Baada ya kugawa Wajerumani kwa sehemu mbili Warusi walimaliza kila sehemu na Wajerumani waliobaki hatimaye walisalimu amri[6][7].
Mapigano yalidumu miezi mitano, wiki moja, na siku tatu. Watu milioni 1.6 waliripotiwa kuwa wamekufa au kujeruhiwa. Upande wa Warusi walikufa wanajeshi 500,000 pamoja na idadi kubwa ya raia[8]; jiji lilikuwa na wakazi lakhi 5 lakini baada ya ushindi walikuwepo 8,000 pekee. Wanajeshi Wajerumani 195,000 walifungwa ndani ya jiji mnamo Novemba 1942; 110,000 waliokuwa wamebaki walipojisalimisha walipelekwa katika makambi ya wafungwa pamoja na Waromania 140,000, Wahungaria 60,000 na Waitalia 50,000, lakini wengi walikufa njiani kutokana na baridi kali, majeraha na njaa; waliorudi Ujerumani baada ya vita walikuwa 8,000 tu[9]. Katika kukimbia, walifariki pia Waromania 100,000 na Waitalia 40,000.
Mpango wa Hitler wa kuuteka Umoja wa Kisovyieti ulishindikana, tena Ujerumani haikuinuka tena kivita kuanzia hapo.
Mapigano ya Stalingrad yalikuwa mapigano makubwa na kuwa na wahanga wengi katika historia yote ya vita duniani [10].
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Shirer, William L. (1990) [1950]. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-449-21977-5.
- ↑ Bergström, Christer (2007). Stalingrad: The Air Battle, November 1942 – February 1943. Chevron Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-276-4.
- ↑ Великая Отечественная война 1941–1945 годов. В 12 т. [The Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, in 12 Volumes] (in Russian). 3. Битвы и сражения, изменившие ход войны. Кучково поле. 2012. p. 421. ISBN 978-5-9950-0269-7.
- ↑ Shirer (1990)
- ↑ Bates, Aaron (April 2016). "For Want of the Means: A Logistical Appraisal of the Stalingrad Airlift". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 29 (2): 298–318. doi:10.1080/13518046.2016.1168137. S2CID 148250591.
- ↑ Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf & Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4.
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ4Jz0H4fAA Filamu juu ya jenerali Mjerumani Paulus akikamatwa na Warusi
- ↑ Krivosheev, G. I. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. Greenhill Books. pp. 51–97. ISBN 978-1-85367-280-4.
- ↑ DiMarco, Louis A. (20 November 2012). Concrete Hell: Urban Warfare from Stalingrad to Iraq. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781782003137. Retrieved 10 April 2021
- ↑ "Stalingrad name may return to city in wave of second world war patriotism", The Guardian, 8 June 2014.
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- WW2DB: Battle of Stalingrad
- Detailed summary of campaign Ilihifadhiwa 3 Mei 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Information, Photos, and Original Maps of the Battle Archived 2008-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
- Stalingrad-info.com, many Pictures from the battle and the city
- Volgograd State Panoramic Museum official homepage
- Stalingrad Battle Archived 2008-02-04 at the Wayback Machine This site is sponsored by the main historical and culture organizations of Volgograd.
- The Battle of Stalingrad in Film and History Written with strong Socialist/Communist political under and overtones.
- The Battle of Stalingrad Ilihifadhiwa 3 Mei 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine. The Battle of Stalingrad in detail.
- Roberts, Geoffrey. "Victory on the Volga", The Guardian, February 28, 2003
- Operation Blau Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Battle of Stalingrad Archived 2009-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
- The Soviet counter-offensive: Operation Uranus Archived 2009-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- Disaster of 6th Army Archived 2009-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
- The Great Battle on the Volga Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine on Google Video
- German Newsreels of the Battle of Stalingrad on YouTube