Hidrokaboni : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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[[File:Methane-3D-balls.png|thumb|300px|Molekuli ya methani ambayo ni |
[[File:Methane-3D-balls.png|thumb|300px|Molekuli ya methani ambayo ni hidrokaboni aina ya alkani.]] |
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'''Hidrokaboni''' ni aina mbalimbali za [[kampaundi ogania]] za kikemia zinazojengwa kwa atomi za [[hidrojeni]] na [[kaboni]] pekee. |
'''Hidrokaboni''' ni aina mbalimbali za [[kampaundi ogania]] za [[Kemia|kikemia]] zinazojengwa kwa [[atomi]] za [[hidrojeni]] na [[kaboni]] pekee. |
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Kwa [[asili]] zinapatikana hasa katika [[mafuta]] ya [[petroliamu]] iliyotokana na mchakato wa kuoza kwa [[mimea]] na [[mata]] ogania yenye kaboni na hidrojeni nyingi. Hidrokaboni haziwezi kuingia katika mmenyuko wa kikemia na [[maji]]. |
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Hidrokaboni ni chanzo muhimu cha nishati kwa binadamu duniani; [[petroli]] na [[diseli]] ni mchanganyiko wa aina za hidrokaboni. |
Hidrokaboni ni chanzo muhimu cha [[nishati]] kwa [[binadamu]] [[duniani]]; [[petroli]] na [[diseli]] ni mchanganyiko wa aina za hidrokaboni. |
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==Vikundi vya hidrokaboni== |
==Vikundi vya hidrokaboni== |
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===Alkani=== |
===Alkani=== |
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{{main|Alkani}} |
{{main|Alkani}} |
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Alkani ni hidrokaboni za |
Alkani ni hidrokaboni za msingi. [[Fomula]] yake ni C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>. |
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===Alkeni=== |
===Alkeni=== |
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[[Alkeni]] hufanana na [[alkani]] |
[[Alkeni]] hufanana na [[alkani]] lakini zina muungo jozi kati ya kaboni na kaboni. Fomula yake ni C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>. |
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===Alkini=== |
===Alkini=== |
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{{main| |
{{main|Alkini}} |
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[[Alkini]] zina muungo wa mara tatu kati ya kaboni na kaboni. Fomula yake ni C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub> |
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{{translate}} |
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[[Alkyne]]s have a carbon to carbon triple bond. C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub> is their general formula. |
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! Jina la alkini |
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! Alkyne Name |
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! |
! Fomula |
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| Ethini |
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| C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> |
| C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> |
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| Propini |
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| C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub> |
| C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>4</sub> |
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| Butini |
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| C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub> |
| C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub> |
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| Pentini |
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| C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub> |
| C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub> |
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| Hexini |
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| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub> |
| C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub> |
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| Heptini |
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| C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>12</sub> |
| C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>12</sub> |
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| Octini |
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| C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>14</sub> |
| C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>14</sub> |
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| Nonini |
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| C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub> |
| C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>16</sub> |
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| Desini |
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| C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub> |
| C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub> |
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===Sikloalkani=== |
===Sikloalkani=== |
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{{main|Sikloalkani}} |
{{main|Sikloalkani}} |
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[[Sikloalkani]] ni [[isomeri]] za [[alkeni]]. Fomula |
[[Sikloalkani]] ni [[isomeri]] za [[alkeni]]. Fomula yake ni pia (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>) lakini hazina muungo jozi kati ya kaboni na kaboni. |
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== Hidrokaboni aromatiki == |
== Hidrokaboni aromatiki == |
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Hidrokaboni aromatiki ni molekuli ogania yenye umbo la mviringo tambarare. |
Hidrokaboni aromatiki ni [[molekuli]] ogania yenye [[umbo]] la [[mviringo]] [[tambarare]]. |
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Fomula |
Fomula yake ni C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-6</sub> na "n" ni sawa na kubwa kuliko 6. |
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{{mbegu-kemia}} |
{{mbegu-kemia}} |
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[[Category:Hidrokaboni| ]] |
[[Category:Hidrokaboni| ]] |
Toleo la sasa la 11:34, 14 Machi 2019
Hidrokaboni ni aina mbalimbali za kampaundi ogania za kikemia zinazojengwa kwa atomi za hidrojeni na kaboni pekee.
Kwa asili zinapatikana hasa katika mafuta ya petroliamu iliyotokana na mchakato wa kuoza kwa mimea na mata ogania yenye kaboni na hidrojeni nyingi. Hidrokaboni haziwezi kuingia katika mmenyuko wa kikemia na maji.
Hidrokaboni ni chanzo muhimu cha nishati kwa binadamu duniani; petroli na diseli ni mchanganyiko wa aina za hidrokaboni.
Vikundi vya hidrokaboni[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Hidrokaboni hupangwa katika vikundi 5.
Alkani[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Alkani ni hidrokaboni za msingi. Fomula yake ni CnH2n+2.
Jina la alkani | Fomula |
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Methani | CH4 |
Ethani | C2H6 |
Propani | C3H8 |
Butani | C4H10 |
Pentani | C5H12 |
Hexani | C6H14 |
Heptani | C7H16 |
Oktani | C8H18 |
Nonani | C9H20 |
Dekani | C10H22 |
Alkeni[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Alkeni hufanana na alkani lakini zina muungo jozi kati ya kaboni na kaboni. Fomula yake ni CnH2n.
Jina la alkeni | Fomula |
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Etheni | C2H4 |
Propeni | C3H6 |
Buteni | C4H8 |
Penteni | C5H10 |
Hexeni | C6H12 |
Hepteni | C7H14 |
Okteni | C8H16 |
Noneni | C9H18 |
Deseni | C10H20 |
Alkini[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Alkini zina muungo wa mara tatu kati ya kaboni na kaboni. Fomula yake ni CnH2n-2
Jina la alkini | Fomula |
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Ethini | C2H2 |
Propini | C3H4 |
Butini | C4H6 |
Pentini | C5H8 |
Hexini | C6H10 |
Heptini | C7H12 |
Octini | C8H14 |
Nonini | C9H16 |
Desini | C10H18 |
Sikloalkani[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Sikloalkani ni isomeri za alkeni. Fomula yake ni pia (CnH2n) lakini hazina muungo jozi kati ya kaboni na kaboni.
Jina la Sikloalkani | Fomula |
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Siklopropani | C3H6 |
Siklobutani | C4H8 |
Siklopentani | C5H10 |
Siklohexani | C6H12 |
Sikloheptani | C7H14 |
Sikloctani | C8H16 |
Siklononani | C9H18 |
Siklodekani | C10H20 |
Alkadini[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Alkadini zina muungo jozi mbili kati ya kaboni na kaboni. Fomula ni CnH2n-2. Hizi ni isomeri za Alkini.
Hidrokaboni aromatiki[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Hidrokaboni aromatiki ni molekuli ogania yenye umbo la mviringo tambarare. Fomula yake ni CnH2n-6 na "n" ni sawa na kubwa kuliko 6.
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kemia bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Hidrokaboni kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |