Aktinidi
Aktinidi, pia aktinoidi (Kiingereza: actinides) ni kundi la elementi za kimetali 15 zenye namba atomia 89 hadi103, kuanzia aktini hadi lawrenci.[1][2][3][4]
Aktinidi zote ni nururifu zikitoa nishati kutokana na mbunguo nururifu. Urani na thori zinapatikana duniani kiasili. Plutoni inazalishwa katika tanuri nyuklia, pamoja na ameriki na elementi sintetiki zingine.
Kati ya aktinidi ni thori na urani pekee zinazopatikana kiasili kwa viwango vya maana. Mbunguo nururifu wa urani huzalisha kwa muda fulani viwango vidogo vya aktini na protaktini. Atomu za neptuni na plutoni huzalishwa pia wakati mwingine katika madini ya urani, lakini kwa viwango vidogo sana. Aktinidi zingine hupatikana katika maabara pekee.[5][6] Milipuko ya imepeleka angalau aktinidi sita katika mazingira ya dunia, utafiti baada ya mlipuko wa bomu ya haidrojeni kwenye mwaka 1952 ulionyesha dalili za ameriki, curi, berkeli, kaliforni, einsteini na fermi.[7]
Aktinidi ni metali. Zote ni laini na zina rangi ya kijivu-kifedha (lakini hewani zinaelekea haraka kuwa nyeusi zaidi),[8] msongamano mkubwa na unyumbufu. Baadhi ni laini zinaweza kukatwa kwa kisu. Ukinzanifu umeme hutofautiana kati ya µOhm · cm 15 na 150.[9] Ugumu wa thori ni sawa na ile ya chuma laini, kwa thori safi inaweza kutiwa kuwa bati na kuvutwa kuwa waya. Densiti ya thori ni nusu ya urani na plutoni, lakini ni ngumu zaidi kuliko hizo zote.
Elementi za aktinidi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]| Atomic Number | Name | Symbol | Picture |
|---|---|---|---|
| 89 | Aktini | Ac | − |
| 90 | Thori | Th | 
|
| 91 | Protaktini | Pa | − |
| 92 | Urani | U | 
|
| 93 | Neptuni | Np | 
|
| 94 | Plutoni | Pu | 
|
| 95 | Ameriki | Am | 
|
| 96 | Curi | Cm | − |
| 97 | Berkeli | Bk | 
|
| 98 | Kaliforni | Cf | 
|
| 99 | Einsteini | Es | 
|
| 100 | Fermi | Fm | − |
| 101 | Mendelevi | Md | − |
| 102 | Nobeli | No | − |
| 103 | Lawrenci | Lr | − |
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Theodore Gray (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. uk. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.
- ↑ Actinide element, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
- ↑ Although "actinoid" (rather than "actinide") means "actinium-like" and therefore should exclude actinium, that element is usually included in the series.
- ↑ Neil G. Connelly; na wenz. (2005). "Elements". Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. London: Royal Society of Chemistry. uk. 52. ISBN 978-0-85404-438-2.
- ↑ Theodore Gray (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. uk. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.
- ↑ Greenwood, p. 1250
- ↑ Fields, P.; Studier, M.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J.; Inghram, M.; Pyle, G.; Stevens, C.; Fried, S.; Manning, W. (1956). "Transplutonium Elements in Thermonuclear Test Debris". Physical Review. 102 (1): 180–182. Bibcode:1956PhRv..102..180F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.102.180.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ↑ Greenwood, p. 1264
- ↑ Greenwood, p. 1263