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Elementi za kikemia

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Elementi za kikemia

Elementi za kikemia ni dutu zenye tabia maalumu zisizotenganishwa kuwa dutu tofauti kwa mbinu za kemia. Elementi tupu ina aina moja tu ya atomi ndani yake.

Dutu na elementi

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Kwa mfano maji ni dutu na ndani yake kuna atomi za haidrojeni na oksijeni. Atomi hizo zinashikana kama molekuli. Kwa kuongeza nishati inawezekana kutenganisha haidrojeni na oksijeni kuwa dutu mbili tofauti. Kila moja peke yake haina kitu kingine ndani yake, kwa hiyo ni elementi.

Inawezekana kupasua hata atomi lakini hii si kazi ya kemia bali ni ya fizikia.

Elementi asilia na elementi sintetiki

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Kwa jumla kuna elementi 116 zinazojulikana katika Kemia zimo katika jedwali la elementi linaloitwa pia "mfumo radidia".

Kati ya hizo 116 ni 90 tu zinazopatikana kiasili. Nyingine zinatengenezwa katika maabara na hazidumu sana. Katika hizo elementi sintetiki, nyingine zinakaa muda mfupi wa sekunde lakini nyingine zinakaa miaka.

Alama na hali maada

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Kila elementi ina alama yake ya kikemia jinsi inavyoonekana katika jedwali la elementi.

Elementi zinatokea kwa hali maada tofauti. Duniani kuna hali za mango, kiowevu na gesi. Penye joto kali kama katika jua kuna pia hali ya utegili (plasma). Mara nyingi elementi zinapatikana katika hali ya kampaundi yaani zimeunganika na elementi nyingine.

Orodha ya elementi

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Orodha ifuatayo inataja elementi za kikemia katika mfumo radidia kufuatana na herufi za alfabeti.

Jina la Elementi) Kiingereza (IUPAC) Alama Namba atomia Uzani atomia
[u] 		Densiti
[kg/m³] (20 °C) 		Kiwango
cha kuyeyuka
(°C) 		Kiwango
cha kuchemka
(°C) 		Iligunduliwa
mwaka 		Kutambuliwa na
Aktini actinium Ac 89 227,03 10070 1047 3197 1899 Debierne
Alumini aluminium Al 13 26,98 2700 660,5 2467 1825 Ørsted
Ameriki americium Am 95 243,06 13670 994 2607 1944 Seaborg
Stibi antimony Sb 51 121,75 6690 630,7 1750 zamani (?)
Arigoni argon Ar 18 39,94 1,66 -189,4 −189,4 -185,9 −185,9 1894 Ramsay,
Strutt
Asenia arsenic As 33 74,92 5720 613 2) 613 2) 11. Jhd. Albertus Magnus
Astatini astatine At 85 209,99
302 337 1940 Segrè
Bari barium Ba 56 137,33 3650 725 1640 1808 Davy
Berkeli berkelium Bk 97 247,07 13250 986
1949 Seaborg
Berili beryllium Be 4 9,01 1850 1278 2970 1797 Vauquelin
Bismuthi bismuth Bi 83 208,98 9800 271,4 1560 1540 Agricola
Bohri bohrium Bh 107 262,12


1976 Oganessian
Boroni boron B 5 10,81 2460 2300 2550 1808 Davy,
Gay-Lussac
Bromi bromine Br 35 79,90 3140 -007,3−7,3 58,8 1826 Balard
Cadimi (Kadimi) cadmium Cd 48 112,41 8640 321 765 1817 Stromeyer und
Hermann
Caesi (Sizi) cesium Cs 55 132,91 1900 28,4 690 1860 Kirchhoff,
Bunsen
Kalisi calcium Ca 20 40,078 1540 839 1487 1808 Davy
Kalifoni californium Cf 98 251,08 15100 900
1950 Seaborg
Seri cerium Ce 58 140,11 6770 798 3257 1803 von Hisinger, Berzelius
Chlorini (Klorini) chlorine Cl 17 35,45 2,95 -101−101 -034,6 −34,6 1774 Scheele
Chromi (Kromi) chromium Cr 24 52,00 7140 1857 2482 1797 Vauquelin
Kobalti cobalt Co 27 58,933 8890 1495 2870 1735 Brandt
Curi (Kuri) curium Cm 96 247,07 13510 1340 3110 1944 Seaborg
Darmstadti darmstadtium Ds 110 269


1994 GSI
Dubni dubnium Db 105 262,11


1967/70 Ghiorso
Disprosi Disprosi Dy 66 162,5 8560 1409 2335 1886 Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Einsteini einsteinium Es 99 252,08
860
1952 Seaborg
Feri (Chuma) iron Fe 26 55,85 7870 1535 2750 zamani (?)
Erbi erbium Er 68 167,26 9050 1522 2510 1842 Mosander
Europi europium Eu 63 151,96 5250 822 1597 1901 Demarçay
Fermi fermium Fm 100 257,10


1952 Seaborg
Florini fluorine F 9 19,00 1,58 -219,6−219,6 -188,1 −188,1 1886 Moissan
Fransi francium Fr 87 223,02
27 677 1939 Perey
Gadolini gadolinium Gd 64 157,25 7890 1311 3233 1880 de Marignac
Gali gallium Ga 31 69,72 5910 29,8 2403 1875 Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Gerimani germanium Ge 32 72,61 5320 937,4 2830 1886 Winkler
Auri (Dhahabu) gold Au 79 196,97 19320 1064,4 2940 zamani (?)
Hafni hafnium Hf 72 178,49 13310 2150 5400 1923 Coster,
de Hevesy
Hassi hassium Hs 108 265,00


1984 GSI
Heli helium He 2 4,00 0,170 -272,2−272,2 -268,9 −268,9 1895 Ramsay,
Crookes
Holmi holmium Ho 67 164,93 8780 1470 2720 1878 Soret
Hidrojeni hydrogen H 1 1,01 0,084 -259,1 −259,1 -252,9 −252,9 1766 Cavendish
Indi indium In 49 114,82 7310 156,2 2080 1863 Reich,
Richter
Iodini iodine I 53 126,90 4940 113,5 184,4 1811 Courtois
Iridi iridium Ir 77 192,22 22560 2410 4130 1803 Tennant
Kali potassium K 19 39,098 860 63,7 774 1807 Davy
Kaboni carbon C 6 12,011 3510 3550 4827 zamani (?)
Kriptoni krypton Kr 36 83,80 3,48 -156,6−156,6 -152,3−152,3 1898 Ramsay,
Travers
Shaba (Kupri) copper Cu 29 63,55 8920 1083,5 2595 zamani (?)
Lanthani lanthanum La 57 138,90 6160 920 3454 1839 Mosander
Lawirensi lawrencium Lr 103 260,10
1627
1961 Ghiorso
Lithi lithium Li 3 6,94 530 180,5 1317 1817 Arfwedson
Luteti lutetium Lu 71 175,00 9840 1656 3315 1907 von Welsbach,
Urbain
Magnesi magnesium Mg 12 24,30 1740 648,8 1107 1828 Bussy
Manganisi manganese Mn 25 54,90 7440 1244 2097 1774 Gahn
Meitneri meitnerium Mt 109 266


1982 GSI
Mendelevi mendelevium Md 101 258,1


1955 Seaborg
Molibdeni molybdenum Mo 42 95,94 10280 2617 5560 1778 Scheele
Natiri sodium Na 11 22,99 970 97,8 892 1807 Davy
Neodimi neodymium Nd 60 144,24 7000 1010 3127 1895 von Welsbach
Neoni neon Ne 10 20,18 0,84 -248,7 −248,7 -246,1 −246,1 1898 Ramsay
Travers
Neptuni neptunium Np 93 237,05 20480 640 3902 1940 McMillan
Abelson
Nikeli nickel Ni 28 58,69 8910 1453 2732 1751 Cronstedt
Niobi niobium Nb 41 92,91 8580 2468 4927 1801 Hatchet
Nitrojeni nitrogen N 7 14,01 1,170 -209,9 −209,9 -195,8 −195,8 1771 Scheele
Nobeli nobelium No 102 259,10


1958 Seaborg
Osmi osmium Os 76 190,2 22590 3045 5027 1803 Tennant
Paladi palladium Pd 46 106,42 12020 1552 3140 1803 Wollaston
Risasi (Plumbi) lead Pb 82 207,2 11340 327,5 1740 zamani (?)
Posferi phosphorus P 15 30,97 1820 44 280 1669 Brand
Platini platinum Pt 78 195,08 21450 1772 3827 1557 Scaliger
Plutoni plutonium Pu 94 244,06 19740 641 3327 1940 Seaborg
Poloni polonium Po 84 208,98 9200 254 962 1898 Marie Curie
Praseodimi praseodymium Pr 59 140,91 6480 931 3212 1895 von Welsbach
Promethi promethium Pm 61 146,92 7220 1080 2730 1945 Marinsky
Protaktini protactinium Pa 91 231,04 15370 1554 4030 1917 Fajans
Hahn,
Meitner
Zebaki (Hidragiri) mercury Hg 80 200,59 13550 -038,9 −38,9 356,6 zamani (?)
Radi (elementi) radium Ra 88 226,03 5500 700 1140 1898 Marie und
Pierre Curie
Radoni radon Rn 86 222,02 9,23 -071 −71 -061,8 −61,8 1900 Dorn
Reni rhenium Re 75 186,21 21030 3180 5627 1925 Noddack,
Tacke,
Berg
Rodi rhodium Rh 45 102,91 12410 1966 3727 1803 Wollaston
Roentgeni roentgenium Rg 111 272


1994 GSI
Rubidi rubidium Rb 37 85,45 1530 39 688 1861 Bunsen,
Kirchhoff
Rutheni ruthenium Ru 44 101,07 12450 2310 3900 1844 Claus
Rutherfordi rutherfordium Rf 104 261,11


1964/69 Ghiorso
Samari samarium Sm 62 150,36 7540 1072 1778 1879 Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Oksijeni oxygen O 8 16,00 1,33 -218,4 −218,4 -182,9 −182,9 1774 Priestley,
Scheele
Skandi scandium Sc 21 44,96 2990 1539 2832 1879 Nilson
Sulfuri sulfur S 16 32,07 2060 113 444,7 zamani (?)
Seaborgi seaborgium Sg 106 263,12


1974 Oganessian
Seleni selenium Se 34 78,96 4820 217 685 1817 Berzelius
Agenti silver Ag 47 107,87 10490 961,9 2212 zamani (?)
Silikoni silicon Si 14 28,09 2330 1410 2355 1824 Berzelius
Stani tin Sn 50 118,71 7290 232 2270 zamani (?)
Stronti strontium Sr 38 87,62 2630 769 1384 1798 Klaproth
Tantali tantalum Ta 73 180,95 16680 2996 5425 1802 Ekeberg
Tekineti technetium Tc 43 98,91 11490 2172 5030 1937 Segrè
Teluro tellurium Te 52 127,6 6250 449,6 990 1782 von Reichenstein
Taribi terbium Tb 65 158,93 8250 1360 3041 1843 Mosander
Tali thallium Tl 81 204,38 11850 303,6 1457 1861 Crookes
Thori thorium Th 90 232,04 11720 1750 4787 1829 Berzelius
Thuli thulium Tm 69 168,93 9320 1545 1727 1879 Cleve
Titani titanium Ti 22 47,88 4510 1660 3260 1791 Gregor,
Klaproth
Kopernici copernicium Cn 112 277


1996 GSI
Livermori livermorium Lv 116 289


2000 JINR
Oganessoni oganesson Og 118 293


2006 JINR
Moskovi moscovium Mc 115 288


2006 JINR
Flerovi flerovium Fl 114 289


1999 JINR
Tennessini tennessine Ts 117





Nihoni nihonium Nh 113 287


2006 JINR
Urani uranium U 92 238,03 18970 1132,4 3818 1789 Klaproth
Vanadi vanadium V 23 50,94 6090 1890 3380 1801 del Río
Wolframi tungsten W 74 183,85 19260 3407 5927 1783 Fausto und Juan
de Elhuyar
Yitebi ytterbium Yb 70 173,04 6970 824 1193 1878 de Marignac
Yitri yttrium Y 39 88,91 4470 1523 3337 1794 Gadolin
Zinki zinc Zn 30 65,39 7140 419,6 907 zamani (?)
Zenoni (Xenoni) xenon Xe 54 131,29 4,49 -111,9 −111,9 -107,0 −107 1898 Ramsay,
Travers
Zirikoni zirconium Zr 40 91,22 6510 1852 4377 1789 Klaproth

Tazama pia

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