Umaksi

Karl Marx

Umaksi (pia: Umarksi, Umarx, kwa Kiingereza Marxism) ni falsafa ambayo inafuata uyakinifu na inakusudia kuleta maendeleo ya haraka katika jamii kuanzia uchumi unaotazamwa kuwa msingi wa mahusiano yote.

Lengo kuu ni kuondoa matabaka katika jamii na kuleta usawa katika ya binadamu. Njia ni kuwawezesha wanyonge kudai haki zao kwa kuungana na kuleta mapinduzi dhidi ya wanyonyaji.

Katikati ya karne ya 19, waanzilishi wa jitihada hizo walikuwa Wajerumani wawili: Karl Marx na Friedrich Engels. Jina Umaksi linatokana na wa kwanza kati yao, Marx.

Umaksi uliendelezwa na watu mbalimbali hasa katika karne ya 20 kadiri siasa hiyo ilivyozidi kuenea duniani, hadi kuongoza maisha ya theluthi ya binadamu wote. Kati yao, Vladimir Ilich Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin nchini Urusi na Mao Zedong huko China. Katika Umoja wa Kisovyeti na nchi zilizotawaliwa na Wakomunisti mabadiliko ya fundisho hili yaliitwa Umaksi-Ulenin (Marxism-Leninism) na kuwa itikadi rasmi.

Baada ya ukomunisti kushindikana Ulaya Mashariki pamoja na Urusi kusambaratika (1989), mvuto wa falsafa hiyo umepungua sana.

Marejeo

• Bourne, Peter G. (1986). Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Callinicos, Alex (2010) [1983]. The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx. Bloomsbury, London: Bookmarks. ISBN 978-1-905192-68-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Castro, Fidel; Ramonet, Ignacio (interviewer) (2009). My Life: A Spoken Autobiography. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-4165-6233-7. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Coltman, Leycester (2003). The Real Fidel Castro. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10760-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Green, Sally (1981). Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe. Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire: Moonraker Press. ISBN 0-239-00206-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Lenin, Vladimir (1967) [1913]. Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism. Peking: Foreign Languages Press. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-06-17. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help); Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Marx, Karl (1849). Wage Labour and Capital. Germany: Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-06-17. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help); Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)
• Trigger, Bruce G. (2007). A History of Archaeological Thought (tol. la 2nd). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60049-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help); Unknown parameter |authorformat= ignored (help)

• Avineri, Shlomo (1968). The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press.
• Dahrendorf, Ralf (1959). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Jon Elster, An Introduction to Karl Marx. Cambridge, England, 1986.
• Michael Evans, Karl Marx. London, 1975.
• Stefan Gandler, Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría, Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5.
• Kołakowski, Leszek (1976). Main Currents of Marxism. Oxford University Press.
• Parkes, Henry Bamford (1939). Marxism: An Autopsy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Prychitko, David L. (2008). "Marxism". In David R. Henderson (.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Library of Economics and Liberty. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html.
• Robinson, Cedric J.: Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition, 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000
• Rummel, R.J. (1977) Conflict In Perspective Chap. 5 Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix
• Screpanti, E; S. Zamagna (1993). An Outline of the History of Economic Thought.
• Shenfield, S.D. Vladislav Bugera: Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker
• McLellan, David (2007). Marxism After Marx. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Umaksi

• Marxists Internet Archive (MIA)
• Marxmail.org
• Marx Myths & Legends Archived 27 Aprili 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
• Marxism Page
• London Philosophy Study Guide on Marxism Archived 31 Januari 2009 at the Wayback Machine. (offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject)
• History of Economic Thought: Marxian School Archived 16 Juni 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
• History of Economic Thought: Neo Marxian Archived 20 Juni 2012 at the Wayback Machine.