Umakanika kwanta

Max Planck anahesabika kuwa baba wa nadharia ya kwanta.

Umakanika kwanta (kwa Kiingereza: Quantum mechanics; kifupi: QM) ni sehemu ya fizikia inayoeleza jinsi vitu vinavyounda atomi na mawimbi ya sumakuumeme (kama vile nuru) vinavyofanya kazi. Hivyo umakanika kwanta huchunguza vitu tusivyoviona, kwa mfano kutokana na udogo wake, au vinavyosogea kasi mno, tofauti na vile vinavyochunguzwa na umakanika kawaida, sehemu ya kwanza ya umakanika. Kwanta katika fizikia ni kiwango cha chini kabisa cha kipimo chochote cha kiumbo kinachohusika katika maingiliano.

Nadharia inayoelezea kwanta katika fizikia inaitwa nadharia ya kwanta na inazungumza kwamba vipimo vyovyote vya kiumbo vyawezavyo kupimwa hadi kiwango cha chini kabisa cha kwanta, kwa mfano: kiwango cha chini kabisa cha mwanga ni ukubwa wa fotoni, na kiwango cha chini kabisa cha chaji ni chaji ya elektroni.

Uvutano kwanta

Kufahamu jinsi umakanika kwanta na nadharia ya uhusianifu zinavyoweza kuunganishwa kumejenga uwanja mpya wa utafiti wa uvutano kwanta. Uvutano kwanta unajaribu kutoa nadharia inayounganisha uvutano na sheria za umakanika kwanta ili kuelewa nguvu za uvutano katika kiwango cha chembe.

Katika utafiti huu, watafiti wanajaribu kuelewa nadharia ya "loop quantum gravitiy" (LQG), ambayo inadai kwamba nafasiwakati haiko kama kiti cha kimiminika, bali kinaundwa na vidogo vya kwanta. Hii ni tofauti na dhana ya kimapokeo ya nafasiwakati kama kipengele cha nene na kisicho na mwisho. Aidha, kuna nadharia ya kamba (Kiingereza: "string theory") ambayo inadhani kuwa chembe ndogo za msingi haziko kama chembe za kawaida, bali ni kamba za nishati ambazo hupiga mawimbi.

Marejeo

Maelezo rahisi kidogo:

• Chester, Marvin (1987) Primer of Quantum Mechanics. John Wiley. ISBN 0-486-42878-8
• Cox, Brian; Forshaw, Jeff (2011). The Quantum Universe: Everything That Can Happen Does Happen. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-1-84614-432-5.
• Richard Feynman, 1985. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08388-6. Four elementary lectures on quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory, yet containing many insights for the expert.
• Ghirardi, GianCarlo, 2004. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards, Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using algebra, trigonometry, and bra–ket notation can be passed over on a first reading.
• N. David Mermin, 1990, "Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT" in his Boojums all the way through. Cambridge University Press: 110–76.
• Victor Stenger, 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5–8. Includes cosmological and philosophical considerations.

Maelezo ya kitaalamu zaidi:

• Bryce DeWitt, R. Neill Graham, eds., 1973. The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08131-X
• Dirac, P.A.M. (1930). The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. ISBN 978-0-19-852011-5. The beginning chapters make up a very clear and comprehensible introduction.
• Everett, Hugh (1957). "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics". Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (3): 454–462. Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..454E. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.29.454.
• Feynman, Richard P.; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Juz. la 1–3. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-7382-0008-8.
• Griffiths, David J. (2004). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-111892-8. OCLC 40251748. A standard undergraduate text.
• Max Jammer, 1966. The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics. McGraw Hill.
• Hagen Kleinert, 2004. Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets, 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific. Draft of 4th edition.
• L.D. Landau, E.M. Lifshitz (1977). Quantum Mechanics: Non-Relativistic Theory. Juz. la Vol. 3 (tol. la 3rd). Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-020940-1. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help) Online copy
• Gunther Ludwig, 1968. Wave Mechanics. London: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-203204-1
• George Mackey (2004). The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43517-2.
• Albert Messiah, 1966. Quantum Mechanics (Vol. I), English translation from French by G.M. Temmer. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons. Cf. chpt. IV, section III. online
• Omnès, Roland (1999). Understanding Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00435-8. OCLC 39849482.
• Scerri, Eric R., 2006. The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press. Considers the extent to which chemistry and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. ISBN 0-19-530573-6
• Transnational College of Lex (1996). What is Quantum Mechanics? A Physics Adventure. Language Research Foundation, Boston. ISBN 978-0-9643504-1-0. OCLC 34661512.
• von Neumann, John (1955). Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02893-4.
• Hermann Weyl, 1950. The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics, Dover Publications.
• D. Greenberger, K. Hentschel, F. Weinert, eds., 2009. Compendium of quantum physics, Concepts, experiments, history and philosophy, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Marejeo mengine

• Bernstein, Jeremy (2009). Quantum Leaps. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03541-6.
• Bohm, David (1989). Quantum Theory. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-65969-5.
• Eisberg, Robert; Resnick, Robert (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-87373-0.
• Liboff, Richard L. (2002). Introductory Quantum Mechanics. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-8053-8714-8.
• Merzbacher, Eugen (1998). Quantum Mechanics. Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-88702-7.
• Sakurai, J.J. (1994). Modern Quantum Mechanics. Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-53929-5.
• Shankar, R. (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-44790-7.
• Stone, A. Douglas (2013). Einstein and the Quantum. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13968-5.
• Veltman, Martinus J.G. (2003), Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics.
• Zucav, Gary (1979, 2001). The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An overview of the new physics (Perennial Classics Edition) HarperCollins.

On Wikibooks

• This Quantum World

Viungo vya nje

• 3D animations, applications and research for basic quantum effects (animations also available in commons.wikimedia.org (Université paris Sud))
• Quantum Cook Book by R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp)
• The Modern Revolution in Physics – an online textbook.
• J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson: A history of quantum mechanics.
• Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.
• Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple: three video lectures by Hans Bethe
• H is for h-bar.
• Quantum Mechanics Books Collection: Collection of free books

Vitini

• A collection of lectures on Quantum Mechanics
• Quantum Physics Database – Fundamentals and Historical Background of Quantum Theory.
• Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).
• MIT OpenCourseWare: Chemistry Ilihifadhiwa 5 Mei 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine..
• MIT OpenCourseWare: Physics Ilihifadhiwa 5 Mei 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine.. See 8.04 Ilihifadhiwa 28 Mei 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine.
• 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics
• Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course. Ilihifadhiwa 10 Agosti 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.
• Spark Notes – Quantum Physics. Ilihifadhiwa 5 Juni 2019 kwenye Wayback Machine.
• Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).
• Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons. Ilihifadhiwa 25 Oktoba 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.
• AQME : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers – by T. Barzso, D. Vasileska and G. Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on nanohub
• Quantum Mechanics by Martin Plenio
• Quantum Mechanics by Richard Fitzpatrick
• Online course on Quantum Transport Ilihifadhiwa 7 Juni 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine.

FAQs

• Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.
• Measurement in Quantum mechanics. Ilihifadhiwa 17 Julai 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.

Media

• PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II by Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course
• Lectures on Quantum Mechanics by Leonard Susskind
• Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world – archive of articles from New Scientist.
• Quantum Physics Research from Science Daily
• Overbye, Dennis (Desemba 27, 2005). "Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory". The New York Times. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 12, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Audio: Astronomy Cast Quantum Mechanics – June 2009. Fraser Cain interviews Pamela L. Gay.
• "The Physics of Reality", BBC Radio 4 discussion with Roger Penrose, Fay Dowker & Tony Sudbery (In Our Time, May 2, 2002).

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya fizikia bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Umakanika kwanta kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.