Mau Mau

Vikosi vya KAR

Mau Mau lilikuwa kundi la wapiganaji wa Kenya waliokuwa wakipinga utawala wa kikoloni wa Waingereza toka mwaka 1952 hadi 1960. Harakati zao (kwa Kiingereza: Maumau uprising, Maumau rebellion) ziliongozwa na Wakikuyu na zilitokana na wingi wa watu kutoridhika kuhusu kupokonywa ardhi, ukandamizaji wa kisiasa, na kukosa usawa wa kijamii. Vikatokea vita vya kishujaa na matendo ya uharibifu dhidi ya serikali ya kikoloni na wakoloni wenyewe.

Waingereza walijibu kwa mbinu kali za kijeshi, zikiwa ni pamoja na kazi ya lazima, mateso ya watu wengi, na mauaji.

Urithi wa uasi huu bado ni kipengele muhimu katika historia ya Kenya, ikiashiria upinzani dhidi ya ukoloni na mapambano ya kudai haki. Ingawa vuguvugu la Mau mau halikuwa na mafanikio makubwa kijeshi, upinzani wao ulichangia sana katika kuharakisha upatikanaji wa uhuru wa Kenya mwaka 1963.

Jina

Chanzo cha jina la kundi hili, Mau mau, hakieleweki vyema. Kuna hali ya kutokukubaliana juu ya chanzo na maana ya jina lenyewe. Baadhi wanadai kuwa ni jina la vilima fulani huko Kenya, wengine wanaamini kuwa jina hilo lilitoka kwa walowezi wa Kiingereza lililokuwa na nia ya kudhalilisha kundi hilo. Wako pia wanaosema kuwa jina hilo ni kifupi cha: "Mzungu Aende Ulaya, Mwafrika Apate Uhuru".

Sehemu kubwa ya kundi la Mau mau iliundwa na watu wa kabila la Gikuyu huku kukiwa na baadhi ya wanachama toka Embu na Meru. Wakikuyu wenyewe hawakuwa wakiliita kundi hili Mau mau bali "Muingi" (vuguvugu), "Muigwithania" (anayeunganisha), "Muma wa Uiguano" (kiapo cha umoja) au KCA (Kenya Central Association, chama kilichotangulia kupigania haki za Wakikuyu.

Historia

Kundi lilianzishwa mwaka wa 1946, na viongozi wake walikuwa Jomo Kenyatta, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, Paul Ngei, Ronald Ngala, Harry Thuku na wengineo. Walionyesha watu wanavyoweza kufika mbali wakiwa kitu kimoja.

Hata hivyo, katika kuhamasisha wananchi wenzao walitumia shuruti na kuua maelfu ya waliokataa kuwaunga mkono , hasa walipodaiwa kula kiapo cha kukana imani ya Kikristo na cha kuwa tayari kuua . Mmojawao ni Aloisio Kamau .

Marejeo

• Adekson, J. 'Bayo (1981). "The Algerian and Mau Mau Revolts: a Comparative Study in Revolutionary Warfare". Comparative Strategy. 3 (1): 69–92. doi:10.1080/01495938108402629.
• Alam, S.M. Shamsul (2007). Rethinking the Mau Mau in Colonial Kenya. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-8374-9.
• Anderson, David (1988). "Smallholder Agriculture in Colonial Kenya: the Official Mind and the Swynnerton Plan. By Anne Thurston. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. Pp. 141". African Affairs. 87 (348): 472. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098069. ISBN 0-902-99319-4. JSTOR 722455.
• Anderson, David (2004). "Kenya, 1895–1939: Registration and Rough Justice". Katika Douglas Hay & Paul Craven (whr.). Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562–1955. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-807-82877-9.
• Anderson, David (2005). Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84719-9.
• Anderson, David; Bennett, Huw; Branch, Daniel (2006). "A Very British Massacre". History Today. 56 (8): 20–22. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Julai 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Andrew, Christopher (2009). The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9885-6.
• Atieno-Odhiambo, Elisha Stephen (1995). "The Formative Years: 1945–55". Katika Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (whr.). Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93. Oxford: James Currey. ku. 25–47. ISBN 978-0-8214-1051-6.
• Bennett, Huw. Fighting the Mau Mau: The British army and counter-insurgency in the Kenya emergency. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Berman, Bruce (1991). "Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Modernity: The Paradox of Mau Mau". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 25 (2): 181–206. doi:10.2307/485216. JSTOR 485216. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 19 Julai 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2017 – kutoka Scribd.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Blacker, John (2007). "The Demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and Mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A Demographer's Viewpoint". African Affairs. 106 (423): 205–227. doi:10.1093/afraf/adm014. JSTOR 4496439.
• Branch, Daniel (2007). "The Enemy Within: Loyalists and the War Against Mau Mau in Kenya" (PDF). The Journal of African History. 48 (2): 291–315. doi:10.1017/s0021853707002812. hdl:10036/30200. JSTOR 4501043. S2CID 145734278. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka (PDF) kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Aprili 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Oktoba 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• — (2009). Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13090-5.
• Branch, Daniel; Cheeseman, Nicholas (2006). "The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78". Review of African Political Economy. 33 (107): 11–31. doi:10.1080/03056240600671183. hdl:10.1080/03056240600671183. JSTOR 4007109. S2CID 155009475.
• Brantley, Cynthia (1981). The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya, 1800–1920. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04216-2.
• Carothers, John Colin (1953). The African Mind in Health and Disease: A Study in Ethnopsychiatry. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/41138. ISBN 9789241400176.
• Carter, Morris; na wenz. (1934). "The Kenya Land Commission Report". London: Government Printer. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 9 Machi 2019. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Chappell, Stephen (2011). "Air Power in the Mau Mau Conflict: The Government's Chief Weapon" (PDF). RUSI Journal. 156 (1): 64–70. doi:10.1080/03071847.2011.559986. S2CID 153183293. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 20 Oktoba 2013.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Clough, Marshall S. (1998). Mau Mau Memoirs: History, Memory and Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-555-87537-4.
• Coray, Michael S. (1978). "The Kenya Land Commission and the Kikuyu of Kiambu". Agricultural History. 52 (1): 179–193. JSTOR 3742957.
• Curtis, Mark (2003). Web of Deceit: Britain's Real Role in the World. London: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-099-44839-6.
• Edgerton, Robert B. (1989). Mau Mau: An African Crucible. New York, NY: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-029-08920-0.
• Elkins, Caroline (2005). Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (tol. la UK). London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-07363-9.
• — (2005a). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya (tol. la US). New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-805-07653-0.
• — (2011). "Alchemy of Evidence: Mau Mau, the British Empire, and the High Court of Justice". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 39 (5): 731–748. doi:10.1080/03086534.2011.629084. S2CID 159551587.
• Ellis, John (1986) [1975]. The Social History of the Machine Gun. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-801-83358-8.
• Emerson Welch, Claude (1980). Anatomy of Rebellion. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-873-95441-9.
• French, David (2011). The British Way in Counter-Insurgency, 1945–1967. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-58796-4.
• Füredi, Frank (1989). The Mau Mau War in Perspective. London: James Currey; Nairobi: Heinemann Kenya; Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-821-40940-4.
• — (1994). Colonial Wars and the Politics of Third World Nationalism. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-850-43784-0.
• Gerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88058-9.
• Henderson, Ian; Goodhart, Philip (1958). Man Hunt in Kenya. New York: Doubleday and Company.
• Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85409-2.
• Kanogo, Tabitha (1992). Dedan Kimathi: A Biography. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
• — (1993) [1987]. Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–63. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. ISBN 978-9966-46-326-5.
• Kariuki, Josiah Mwangi (1975). "Mau Mau" Detainee: The Account by a Kenya African of his Experiences in Detention Camps 1953–1960. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
• Leys, Norman (1973). Kenya (tol. la 4th). London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-714-61688-9.
• Lonsdale, John (2000). "KAU's Cultures: Imaginations of Community and Constructions of Leadership in Kenya after the Second World War". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 13 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1080/713674307. JSTOR 1771859. S2CID 143712816.
• — (2003). "Authority, Gender & Violence: The war within Mau Mau's fight for land & freedom". Katika Elisha Stephen Atieno-Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (whr.). Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration. Oxford: James Currey. ku. 46–75. ISBN 978-0-852-55478-4.
• Mahone, Sloan (2006). "The Psychology of Rebellion: Colonial Medical Responses to Dissent in British East Africa". The Journal of African History. 47 (2): 241–258. doi:10.1017/s0021853706001769. JSTOR 4100723. S2CID 146722898.
• Majdalany, Fred (1963). State of Emergency: The Full Story of Mau Mau. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
• Maloba, Wunyabari O. (1998) [1993]. Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt (tol. la revised). Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-852-55745-7.
• Maxon, Robert M. (1989). Conflict and Accommodation in Western Kenya: The Gusii and the British, 1907–1963. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-838-63350-2.
• McCulloch, Jock (2006) [1995]. Colonial Psychiatry and "the African Mind" (tol. la revised). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03480-7.
• Meinertzhagen, Richard (1957). Kenya Diary, 1902–1906. London: Oliver and Boyd.
• Mosley, Paul (1983). The Settler Economies: Studies in the Economic History of Kenya and Southern Rhodesia 1900–1963 (tol. la reprint). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10245-2.
• Mumford, Andrew (2012). The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-66745-6.
• Mungeam, G. H. (1970). "Masai and Kikuyu Responses to the Establishment of British Administration in the East Africa Protectorate". The Journal of African History. 11 (1): 127–143. doi:10.1017/s0021853700037476. JSTOR 180220. S2CID 153908827.
• Newsinger, John (1981). "Revolt and Repression in Kenya: The 'Mau Mau' Rebellion, 1952–1960". Science & Society. 45 (2): 159–185. doi:10.1177/003682378104500202. JSTOR 40402312.
• Nissimi, Hilda (2006). "Mau Mau and the Decolonisation of Kenya". Journal of Military and Strategic Studies. 8 (3). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Machi 2012.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1995). "The Decisive Years: 1956–63". Katika Bethwell Allan Ogot & William Robert Ochieng' (whr.). Decolonization and Independence in Kenya, 1940–93. Oxford: James Currey. ku. 48–82. ISBN 978-0-8214-1051-6.
• — (2003). "Mau Mau & Nationhood: The Untold Story". Katika Elisha Stephen Atieno-Odhiambo & John Lonsdale (whr.). Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority and Narration. Oxford: James Currey. ku. 8–36. ISBN 978-0-852-55478-4.
• — (2005). "Britain's Gulag – Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. By David Anderson. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005. Pp. viii+406. Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya. By Caroline Elkins (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005). Pp. xiv+475". The Journal of African History. 46: 493–505. doi:10.1017/S0021853705000939. ISBN 0-297-84719-8.
• Ormsby-Gore, William; na wenz. (1925). Report of the East Africa Commission. London: Government Printer. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Machi 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Page, Malcolm (2011) [1996]. King's African Rifles: A History. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84884-438-4.
• Percox, David A. (2005). "Kenya: Mau Mau Revolt". Katika Kevin Shillington (mhr.). Encyclopedia of African History, Volume 2, H–O. New York, NY: Fitzroy Dearborn. ku. 751–752. ISBN 978-1-579-58245-6.
• Peterson, Derek R. (2008). "The Intellectual Lives of Detainees". The Journal of African History. 49 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1017/s0021853708003411. JSTOR 40206614.
• Pirouet, M. Louise (1977). "Armed Resistance and Counter-Insurgency: Reflections on the Anya Nya and Mau Mau Experiences". Katika Ali A. Mazrui (mhr.). The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa. Leiden: Brill. ku. 197–214. ISBN 978-9-004-05646-6.
• Ranger, T. O. (1968). "Connexions between 'Primary Resistance' Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa. Part I". The Journal of African History. 9 (3): 437–453. doi:10.1017/s0021853700008665. JSTOR 180275. S2CID 161489985.
• Rebisz, Bethany (2024). "Mapping Women's Memories of Britain's Forced Resettlement Scheme in Late Colonial Kenya, c. 1953–1960". The Historical Journal. 67 (5): 1045–1065. doi:10.1017/S0018246X24000438.
• Shilaro, Priscilla M. (2002). "Colonial Land Policies: The Kenya Land Commission and the Kakamega Gold Rush, 1932–4". Katika William Robert Ochieng (mhr.). Historical Studies and Social Change in Western Kenya: Essays in Memory of Professor Gideon S. Were. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers. ku. 110–128. ISBN 978-9966-25-152-7.
• Swainson, Nicola (1980). The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, 1918–77. Berkeley & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03988-9.
• Walton, Calder (2013). Empire of Secrets: British Intelligence, the Cold War and the Twilight of Empire. London: HarperPress. ISBN 978-0-007-45796-0.
• Wasserman, Gary (1976). Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europeans and the Land Issue 1960–1965 (tol. la digital reprint). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10023-6.

Marejeo mengine

• Ali, Tariq (2022). Winston Churchill: his times, his crimes. London; New York: Verso. ISBN 978-1-78873-577-3.
• Barnett, Donald; Njama, Karari (2021). Mau Mau from Within: The Story of the Kenya Land and Freedom Army. Daraja Press, republishing original 1966 title. ISBN 978-1-988832-59-3.
• Bennett, Huw (2012). Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02970-5.
• Berman, Bruce (1990). Control & Crisis in Colonial Kenya: The Dialectic of Domination. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-852-55069-4.
• Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992). Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book One: State & Class. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-852-55021-2.
• Berman, Bruce; Lonsdale, John (1992). Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book Two: Violence & Ethnicity. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-852-55099-1.
• Branch, Daniel (2006). "Loyalists, Mau Mau, and Elections in Kenya: The First Triumph of the System, 1957–1958". Africa Today. 53 (2): 27–50. doi:10.1353/at.2006.0069. JSTOR 4187771. S2CID 154783897.
• Clough, Marshall S. (1990). Fighting Two Sides: Kenyan Chiefs and Politicians, 1918–1940. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-0-870-81207-1.
• Corfield, Frank (1960). The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau: an Historical Survey ('The Corfield Report'). Nairobi: Government of Kenya. ISBN 978-0-521-13090-5.
• Derrick, Jonathan (2008). Africa's "Agitators": Militant Anti-Colonialism in Africa and the West, 1918–1939. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-70056-6.
• Elkins, Caroline (2022). Legacy of violence: a history of the British empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-27242-3.
• Grogan, Ewart S.; Sharp, Arthur H. (1900). From the Cape to Cairo: The First Traverse of Africa from South to North. London: Hurst and Blackett. OL 14008812M.
• Heinlein, Frank (2002). British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-5220-7.
• Hewitt, Peter (2008) [1999]. Kenya Cowboy: A Police Officer's Account of the Mau Mau Emergency. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. ISBN 978-1-920-14323-7.
• Kyle, Keith (1999). The Politics of the Independence of Kenya. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-72008-0.
• Lapping, Brian (1989). End of Empire (tol. la revised). London: Paladin. ISBN 978-0-586-08870-8.
• Lonsdale, John (1990). "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya". The Journal of African History. 31 (3): 393–421. doi:10.1017/s0021853700031157. hdl:10539/9062. JSTOR 182877. S2CID 162867744.
• Lovatt Smith, David (2005). Kenya, the Kikuyu and Mau Mau. Mawenzi Books. ISBN 978-0-954-47132-3.
• Lyttelton, Oliver (1962). The Memoirs of Lord Chandos. London: Bodley Head.
• Marsh, Zoe; Kingsnorth, G. W. (1972). A History of East Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08348-5.
• Murphy, Philip (1999) [1995]. Party Politics and Decolonization: The Conservative Party and British Colonial Policy in Tropical Africa, 1951–1964. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820505-0.
• Murphy, Philip (1999). Alan Lennox-Boyd: A Biography. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-406-1.
• Njagi, David (1991). The Last Mau Mau (Kenya's Freedom Heroes or Villains?). Nairobi: Property Magazine and Guide. OCLC 28563585.
• Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2012). "Essence of ethnicity: an African perspective". Katika Hiroyuki Hino; John Lonsdale; Gustav Ranis & Frances Stewart (whr.). Ethnic Diversity and Economic Stability in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ku. 91–126. ISBN 978-1-107-02599-8.
• Parsons, Timothy (1999). African Rank-and-File: Social Implications of Colonial Military Service in the King's African Rifles, 1902–1964. Hanover, NH: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-325-00140-1.
• Percox, David (2011) [2004]. Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84885-966-1.
• Sandgren, David (2012). Mau Mau's Children: The Making of Kenya's Postcolonial Elite. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-28784-9.
• Thiong'o, Ngugi wa (2010) [1997]. "Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary". Katika Roy R. Grinker; Stephen C. Lubkemann & Christopher B. Steiner (whr.). Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation (tol. la 2nd). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ku. 462–470. ISBN 978-1-444-33522-4.
• Throup, David (1987). Economic and Social Origins of Mau Mau, 1945–53. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 978-0-85255-024-3.

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Mau Mau

• Archive newsreels from Pathé News. Includes footage of: military operations against Mau Mau; the capture of Dedan Kimathi; capture of General China (Waruhiu Itote); the survivors of the Lari massacre and the defendants' trial; Operation Anvil.
• Colonial Film's archive footage of Mau Mau
• "Lost" Mau Mau-era government-documents posted by the BBC's Dominic Casciani
• "Mau-Mau" Podcast about the Mau Mau Uprising and British repression from Radiolab (WNYC – New York Public Radio)
• Surrender Pass issued under Baring's 18 January 1955 Amnesty
• Museum of British Colonialism Includes oral history interviews with Mau Mau fighters and digital reconstructions of the colonial detention.

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Mau Mau kama enzi zake au matokeo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.