Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (tamka: lud-vig yosef vit-gen-stain) (16 Aprili 1889 – 29 Aprili 1951) alikuwa mwanafalsa kutoka nchini Austria aliyeishi sehemu kubwa nchini Uingereza.
Kazi yake ilikuwa hasa kuhusu mantiki ya lugha na hisabati. Huhesabiwa kati ya wanafalsafa muhimu zaidi wa karne ya 20. Hadi kifo chake alitoa vitabu viwili tu, kimoja juu kilichoitwa "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" na kingine kamusi kwa shule za msingi. Kabla ya kifo chake aliandaa kitabu cha "Uchunguzi wa Falsafa" (Philosophische Untersuchungen) kilichotolewa baada ya kuaga kwake dunia.
Wittgenstein alikuwa mtoto wa wazazi Wajerumani wenye asili ya Kiyahudi waliobatizwa kuwa Waprotestant wakahamia Austria ambako baba aliendelea kuwa na viwanda vya chuma na feleji. Wittgenstein aliachana baadaye na urithi wake. Menyewe alisoma uhandisi huko Berlin akawa mhandisi mwaka 1908 akaendelea na masomo huko Manchester (Uingereza) alipojaribu kutengeneza injini kwa eropleni akafaulu kubuni parapela ya ndege. Hapo Manchester alivutwa na maswala ya hisabati na kwa njia hii alijishughulisha na falsafa. Akakutana na mwanafalsafa Bertrand Russel akaanza kujadiliana somo hili naye. Russel aliyekuwa mwanafalsafa mashuhuri wa Uingereza alitambua kipaji chake akawa rafiki yake.
1913 baba yake Wittgenstein aliaga dunia na urithi ulimfanya mtu tajiri. Alienda Norwei alipokaa miezi kadhaa na kuandika juu ya falsafa yake. 1914 alirudi Austria mwanzoni wa vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia akajitolea kuwa mwanajeshi. Alihudumia vitani huko Urusi na baadaye Italia. Muda wote aliendelea kuandika kitabu chake cha kwanza cha "tractatus" kilichokamilishwa 1918. Aliporudi Italia kwenye miezi ya mwisho wa vita alikamatwa na Waitalia akawa mfungwa wa vita. Kwa msaada wa marafiki Waingereza aliweza kuendelea kumaliza kitabu chake ufungoni.
Vita ilibadilisha maisha yake Wittgenstein. Aliwahi kuwa kijana aliyeachana na dini lakini wakati wa mapigano alipata kusoma kitabu cha Leo Tolstoi akawa Mkristo tena. Aliamini ya kwamba hakuwa na shughuli tena katika falsafa akaona haja ya kuendelea na huduma kwa watu wa kawaida akakabidhi urithi wake kwa kaka na dada zake akasoma ualimu na kufanya kazi ya mwalimu wa shule ya msingi. Akiwa mwalimu alitunga kamusi kwa shule za msingi.
Hakufaulu vema kama mwalimu na 1926 aliacha kazi hii akajiunga na monasteri ya watawa kama msaidizi wa bustani akajipima kama angejiunga na watawa wenyewe lakini alishauriwa si njia yake.
Dada alimwomba amsaidie kutunga nyumba yake mpya na kwa mwaka mmoja Wittgenstein alijishughulisha na kazi ya usanifu.
1929 alikaribishwa na marafki kurudi Uingereza akapokelewa Cambridge alipokabishi "tractatus" kama tasnifu ya udaktari wa falsafa akaendelea kufundisha falsafa. 1939 alikuwa profesa wa falsafa kwenye chuo kikuu cha Cambridge akaendelea na kazi hii hadi 1947. Wakati ule alichukua uraia wa Uingereza kwa sababu na Ujerumani mwaka 1938; kisheria Wittgenstein alikuwa Mjerumani lakini kama Mjerumani alitangaziwa kuwa Myahudi kwa sababu wazazi wake waliwahi kuzaliwa katika familia za Kiyahudi na Wayahudi walibaguliwa vibaya huko Ujerumani.
Wakati wa vita kuu ya pili ya dunia Wittgenstein alijitolea tena kwa huduma ya umma akawa mfanyakazi msaidizi hospitalini mjini Newcastle upon Tyne.
1947 aliacha na nafasi yake ya profesa kwa sababu alitaka kuandika tu akaandaa kitabu chake cha "uchunguzi wa falsafa". 1949 kansa ikatambuliwa kwake akajitahidi kumaliza kitabu.
1951 aliaga dunia.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kazi zake
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Important publications
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Logisch-Philosophische Abhandlung, Annalen der Naturphilosophie, 14 (1921)
- Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, translated by C.K. Ogden (1922)
- Philosophische Untersuchungen (1953)
- Philosophical Investigations, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe (1953)
Juu ya Wittgenstein
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Wittgenstein, a film by the avant-garde filmmaker Derek Jarman (1993). The script and the original treatment by Terry Eagleton have been published as a book by the British Film Institute.
- The World as I Found It by Bruce Duffy, a recreation of the life of Wittgenstein (1987).
- Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers, by David Edmonds and John Eidenow (2002), describes the famous 10 minute meeting between Wittgenstein and Karl Popper which was on 25 Oktoba 1946. ISBN 0-06-093664-9.
- Oppression and Responsibility by Peg O'Connor, a Wittgensteinian approach to social practice and moral theory.
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Cambridge Wittgenstein Archive - German and English, includes pictures, biography, searchable database of manuscripts.
- Wittgenstein's works are edited in an electronic edition Archived 24 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (and sold on CDROM) at the University of Bergen in Norway.
- The Wittgenstein Portal
- A collection of Ludwig Wittgenstein's manuscripts Archived 25 Septemba 2006 at the Wayback Machine. is held by Trinity College, Cambridge, England.
- Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) is a comprehensive but old resource of Wittgensteinian material.
- Wittgenstein program from In Our Time (BBC Radio 4).
- T.P. Uschanov's page Wittgenstein links