Mapacha : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katika [[ujauzito]] wa [[wanawake]] 1,000<ref name=wonderquest>{{cite web|url=http://www.wonderquest.com/TwinsTrigger.htm |title=What triggers twinning? |author=April Holladay |date=2001-05-09 |publisher=WonderQuest |accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref>. |
Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katika [[ujauzito]] wa [[wanawake]] 1,000<ref name=wonderquest>{{cite web|url=http://www.wonderquest.com/TwinsTrigger.htm |title=What triggers twinning? |author=April Holladay |date=2001-05-09 |publisher=WonderQuest |accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref>. |
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==Tanbihi== |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Marejeo== |
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*Bacon, Kate. ''Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain. |
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* {{Cite journal |first1=Aggie |last1=Nieuwint |last2=Van Zalen-Sprock |first2=Rieteke |last3=Hummel |first3=Pieter |last4=Pals |first4=Gerard |last5=Van Vugt |first5=John |last6=Van Der Harten |first6=Hans |last7=Heins |first7=Yvonne |last8=Madan |first8=Kamlesh |display-authors=5 |title='Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis |volume=19 |issue=1 |year=1999 |pages=72–6 |pmid=10073913 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V }} |
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* {{Cite journal|vauthors=Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA | title=How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation? |journal=Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae | year=1992 | volume=41 | issue=1 | pages=43–7 | pmid=1488855}} |
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* {{Cite journal |first1=Eloy |last1=Girela |last2=Lorente |first2=Jose A. |last3=Alvarez |first3=J. Carlos |last4=Rodrigo |first4=Maria D. |last5=Lorente |first5=Miguel |last6=Villanueva |first6=Enrique |display-authors=5 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |title=Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins |year=1997 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1159–61 |pmid=9176461 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2}} |
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* {{Cite journal|vauthors=Shinwell ES, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Blickstein I |title="Masculinizing" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=e447–53 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17766488 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-3574 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17766488 |accessdate=2008-10-06}} |
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* {{Cite journal|vauthors=Lummaa V, Pettay JE, Russell AF |title=Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=104 |issue=26 |pages=10915–20 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17576931 |pmc=1904168 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605875104 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17576931 |accessdate=2008-10-06}} |
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* {{Cite book|first=Elyse |last=Schein |author2=Paula Bernstein |title=Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4000-6496-1 |oclc=123390922}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Helle |first=Samuli |author2=Virpi Lummaa |author3=Jukka Jokela |year=2004 |title=Selection for Increased Brood Size in Historical Human Populations |journal=Evolution |volume=58 |pages=430–436 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01658.x |url=http://www.huli.group.shef.ac.uk/helleevolution2004.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-02 |pmid=15068359 |issue=2}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}} |
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* {{cite web|year=2008 |title=TWINS Guide to the First Year |publisher=TWINS Magazine |location=[[Fort Collins, Colorado]] |url=http://www.twinsmagazine.com/media/images/Guide2008.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-06}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www3.telus.net/tyee/multiples/index.html |title=Facts About Multiples: An Encyclopedia of Multiple Birth Records |accessdate=2008-10-18 |first=Jennifer |last=Samson}}{{dead link|date=February 2017}} |
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* Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH. |
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{{mbegu-biolojia}} |
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Pitio la 13:42, 18 Machi 2017
Mapacha au ndugu pacha ni watu au wanyama waliozaliwa kwa pamoja kutoka tumboni mwa mama yao[1]. Kwa binadamu mara nyingi huwa wawili.
Kuna aina kuu mbili za mapacha ambao ni wale wanaofanana na wale wasiofanana. Tofauti ni kwamba wa kwanza wametokana na kijiyai kimoja kilichofikiwa na mbegu moja, kumbe wa pili wametokana na vijiyai viwili vilivyofikiwa na mbegu mbili. Hivyo wa kwanza wana jinsia ileile na kwa kawaida kabisa DNA ileile, kumbe wa pili DNA zao ni tofauti, ila zinafanana kiasi kama zile za ndugu wote wenye baba mmoja na mama mmoja[2].
Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katika ujauzito wa wanawake 1,000[3].
Tanbihi
- ↑ MedicineNet > Definition of Twin Last Editorial Review: 19 June 2000
- ↑ Michael R. Cummings "Human Heredity Principles and issues" p. 104.
- ↑ April Holladay (2001-05-09). "What triggers twinning?". WonderQuest. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-03-22.
Marejeo
- Bacon, Kate. Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain.
- Nieuwint, Aggie; Van Zalen-Sprock, Rieteke; Hummel, Pieter; Pals, Gerard; Van Vugt, John n.k. (1999). "'Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes". Prenatal Diagnosis 19 (1): 72–6. PMID 10073913. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V.
- "How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?". Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae 41 (1): 43–7. 1992. PMID 1488855. Unknown parameter
|vauthors=ignored (help) - Girela, Eloy; Lorente, Jose A.; Alvarez, J. Carlos; Rodrigo, Maria D.; Lorente, Miguel n.k. (1997). "Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins". Fertility and Sterility 67 (6): 1159–61. PMID 9176461. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2.
- ""Masculinizing" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect". Pediatrics 120 (3): e447–53. September 2007. PMID 17766488. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3574. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-06. Unknown parameter
|vauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - "Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (26): 10915–20. June 2007. PMC 1904168. PMID 17576931. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605875104. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-06. Unknown parameter
|vauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help) - Schein, Elyse; Paula Bernstein (2007). Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6496-1. OCLC 123390922.
- Helle, Samuli; Virpi Lummaa; Jukka Jokela (2004). "Selection for Increased Brood Size in Historical Human Populations" (PDF). Evolution 58 (2): 430–436. PMID 15068359. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01658.x. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-02.[dead link]
- "TWINS Guide to the First Year" (PDF). Fort Collins, Colorado: TWINS Magazine. 2008. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-06.[dead link]
- Samson, Jennifer. "Facts About Multiples: An Encyclopedia of Multiple Birth Records". Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-18.[dead link]
- Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH.
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Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya biolojia bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Mapacha kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |