Mtumiaji:Lucas559/Folate
Folate, pia inajulikana kama vitamini B9 na folacin, [1] ni mojawapo ya vitamini B. [2] Asidi ya folic iliyotengenezwa, ambayo hubadilishwa kuwa folate na mwili, hutumiwa kama nyongeza ya lishe na katika urutubishaji wa chakula kwani ni thabiti zaidi wakati wa kusindika na kuhifadhi. [3] Folate inahitajika kwa mwili kutengeneza DNA na RNA na metabolise amino asidi muhimu kwa mgawanyiko wa seli . [4] Kwa kuwa wanadamu hawawezi kutengeneza folate, inahitajika katika lishe, na kuifanya kuwa kirutubisho muhimu. [5] Inatokea kwa asili katika vyakula vingi. [1] Ulaji wa kila siku wa watu wazima wa folate nchini Marekani ni mikrogramu 400 kutoka kwa vyakula au virutubisho vya lishe .
Folate katika mfumo wa asidi ya folic hutumiwa kutibu anemia inayosababishwa na upungufu wa folate . [2] Asidi ya Folic pia hutumiwa kama nyongeza na wanawake wakati wa ujauzito ili kupunguza hatari ya kasoro za neural tube (NTDs) kwa mtoto. [2] [6] Viwango vya chini katika ujauzito wa mapema vinaaminika kuwa sababu ya zaidi ya nusu ya watoto kuzaliwa na NTDs. Zaidi ya nchi 80 hutumia urutubishaji wa lazima au wa hiari wa vyakula fulani vyenye asidi ya foliki kama hatua ya kupunguza kiwango cha NTDs. [7] Kuongezewa kwa muda mrefu na kiasi kikubwa cha asidi ya folic huhusishwa na kupunguza kidogo kwa hatari ya kiharusi [8] na hatari ya kuongezeka kwa saratani ya kibofu. [9] Kuna wasiwasi kwamba kiasi kikubwa cha asidi ya foliki ya ziada inaweza kuficha upungufu wa vitamini B 12.
Kutokula folate ya kutosha kunaweza kusababisha upungufu wa folate. Hii inaweza kusababisha aina ya upungufu wa damu ambapo chembe nyekundu za damu huwa kubwa isivyo kawaida. Dalili zinaweza kujumuisha kuhisi uchovu, mapigo ya moyo, upungufu wa kupumua, vidonda wazi kwenye ulimi, na mabadiliko ya rangi ya ngozi au nywele. Upungufu wa folate kwa watoto unaweza kuendeleza ndani ya mwezi wa ulaji mbaya wa chakula. [10] Kwa watu wazima, folate ya kawaida ya mwili ni kati ya 10 na 30 mg na viwango vya damu vya zaidi ya 7 nmol/L (3 ng/mL).
Folate iligunduliwa kati ya 1931 na 1943. [11] Iko kwenye Orodha ya Dawa Muhimu ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni . [12] Gharama ya jumla ya virutubisho katika ulimwengu unaoendelea ni kati ya US$0.001 na 0.005 kwa kila dozi kufikia 2014. [13] Neno "folic" linatokana na neno la Kilatini folium (ambalo linamaanisha jani) kwa sababu lilipatikana katika mboga za majani-kijani-kijani. [14]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2014. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 19 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Machi 2018.
Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin, which is also known as vitamin B9 or folacin.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Folic Acid". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1 Januari 2010. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Choi JH, Yates Z, Veysey M, Heo YR, Lucock M (Desemba 2014). "Contemporary issues surrounding folic Acid fortification initiatives". Prev Nutr Food Sci. 19 (4): 247–60. doi:10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.247. PMC 4287316. PMID 25580388.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Bailey LB, Caudill MA (2012). "Folate". Katika Eardman JW Jr, MacDonald IA, Zeisel SH (whr.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Tenth Edition. Ames, IA: ILSI Press/Wiley-Blackwell. ku. 321–342. ISBN 978-0-470-95917-6.
- ↑ Pommerville, Jeffrey C. (2009). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. uk. 511. ISBN 9780763787127. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
- ↑ Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, na wenz. (Januari 2017). "Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 317 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438. PMID 28097362.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Wald NJ, Morris JK, Blakemore C (2018). "Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate". Public Health Reviews. 39: 2. doi:10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6. PMC 5809909. PMID 29450103.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (Agosti 2016). "Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Heart Association. 5 (8): e003768. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768. PMC 5015297. PMID 27528407. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 27 Aprili 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Wien TN, Pike E, Wisløff T, Staff A, Smeland S, Klemp M (Januari 2012). "Cancer risk with folic acid supplements: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 2 (1): e000653. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000653. PMC 3278486. PMID 22240654.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Marino BS, Fine KS (2009). Blueprints Pediatrics (kwa Kiingereza). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. uk. 131. ISBN 9780781782517. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Pond, Wilson G.; Nichols, Buford L.; Brown, Dan L. (2009). Adequate Food for All: Culture, Science, and Technology of Food in the 21st Century (kwa Kiingereza). CRC Press. uk. 148. ISBN 9781420077544.
Folic acid's discovery started in 1931...
- ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ "Folic Acid". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Januari 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Chambers Concise Dictionary. Allied Publishers. 2004. uk. 451. ISBN 9788186062364. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)