Kodi ya kaboni
Kodi ya kaboni ni ushuru unaotozwa kwa uzalishaji wa kaboni inayohitajika kuzalisha bidhaa na huduma. Ushuru wa kaboni unakusudiwa kufanya gharama za kijamii "zilizofichwa" za utoaji wa hewa ukaa zionekane, ambazo vinginevyo huhisiwa kwa njia zisizo za moja kwa moja kama vile matukio ya hali ya hewa kali zaidi. Kwa njia hii, zimeundwa kupunguza kaboni dioksidi ( CO2 ) uzalishaji kwa kuongeza bei ya nishati ya kisukuku inayoitoa inapochomwa. Haya yote mawili hupunguza mahitaji ya bidhaa na huduma zinazotoa hewa chafu na kutoa motisha kuzifanya zitumike sana kaboni . [1] Kwa njia rahisi zaidi, ushuru wa kaboni hufunika tu uzalishaji wa CO2 ; hata hivyo, inaweza pia kufunika gesi nyinginezo za chafu, kama vile methane au oksidi ya nitrojeni, kwa kutoza ushuru kama huo kulingana na uwezo wao wa kuongezeka kwa joto duniani unaolingana na CO2 . [2] Wakati mafuta ya hidrokaboni kama vile makaa ya mawe, petroli au gesi asilia yanapochomwa, kaboni yake yote au kaboni yote hubadilishwa kuwa CO2. Uzalishaji wa gesi chafu husababisha mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa, ambayo huharibu mazingira na afya ya binadamu. Hali hii mbaya ya nje inaweza kupunguzwa kwa kutoza maudhui ya kaboni wakati wowote wa mzunguko wa bidhaa. [3] [4] [5] [6] Kwa hivyo, ushuru wa kaboni ni aina ya ushuru wa Pigovian . [7]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Akkaya, Sahin; Bakkal, Ufuk (2020-06-01). "Carbon Leakage Along with the Green Paradox Against Carbon Abatement? A Review Based on Carbon Tax". Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia. 20 (1): 25–44. doi:10.2478/foli-2020-0002. ISSN 1898-0198. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 29 Agosti 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 6 Oktoba 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Costs and Benefits to Agriculture from Climate Change Policy". www.card.iastate.edu. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 27 Julai 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Agosti 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Bashmakov, I.; na wenz. (2001). "6.2.2.2.1 Collection Point and Tax Base". Katika B. Metz; na wenz. (whr.). Policies, Measures, and Instruments. Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Desemba 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Aprili 2011.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Effects of a Carbon Tax on the Economy and the Environment".
- ↑ Kalkuhl, Matthias (Septemba 2013). "Renewable energy subsidies: Second-best policy or fatal aberration for mitigation?" (PDF). Resource and Energy Economics. 35 (3): 217–234. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.01.002. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 20 Agosti 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Agosti 2018.
{{cite journal}}:|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Bashmakov, I.; na wenz. (2001). "Policies, Measures, and Instruments". Katika B. Metz; na wenz. (whr.). Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Oktoba 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Mei 2009.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Helm, D. (2005). "Economic Instruments and Environmental Policy". The Economic and Social Review. 36 (3): 4–5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 1 Mei 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Aprili 2011.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)