Tazama chanzo cha Utapiamlo

[[Picha:A malnourished child in an MSF treatment tent in Dolo Ado.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mtoto mwenye Utapiamlo]]



{{Infobox medical condition
 | Name           = Utapiamlo
 | Image          = Orange ribbon.svg
 | Caption        =<!-- An orange ribbon—the [[awareness ribbon]] for malnutrition.-->
 | Width = 120
 | DiseasesDB     = 
 | ICD10          =
 | ICD9           = 263.9
 | ICDO           =
 | OMIM           =
 | MedlinePlus    = 000404
 | eMedicineSubj  = ped
 | eMedicineTopic = 1360
 | MeshID         = D044342
}}
'''Utapiamlo''' ni hali ambayo hutokana na kupata [[chakula]] ambacho [[virutubishi]] vyake havitoshi au viko vingi hadi kusababisha matatizo upande wa [[afya]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|first1=UNICEF|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=2015-10-24|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|dead-url=yes|=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf}}</ref> 

Hutumika mara kwa mara kurejelea hasa '''ukosefu wa lishe''' ambapo hakuna kalori, proteni au [[lishe]] vya kutosha; hata hivyo, hujumuisha pia [[kupata lishe kupita kiasi]].<ref name=Young2012>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194}}</ref>

==Chanzo==
Kwa njia ya chakula [[mwili]] unapokea [[virutubishi]] vya lazima kama vileː
* [[kalori]]
* [[protini]]
* [[mafuta]]
* [[wanga]] ([[kabohidrati]])
* [[vitamini]] na 
* [[madini]].<ref name=FFL2010/>

Uhaba au wingi mkubwa wa vitu hivyo kwa muda fulani unasababisha utapiamlo.

Hivyo kuna aina mbili za utapiamlo: kukosa kiwango cha kutosha cha chakula na kukosa uwiano wa virutubishi katika chakula. 

Utapiamlo
* hutokea kama mtu hana chakula cha kutosha, yaani uhaba wa chakula kwa jumla na kuwa na hali ya njaa ya kudumu
* hutokea kama mtu anakosa sehemu muhimu za vyakula kwa mfano protini, vitamini au minerali hata kama vinginevyo anakula chakula kingi
* hutokea kama mtu anazoea kushiba vyakula bila kujali uwiano wa virutubishi ndani ya chakula.

Kukosa lishe ya kutosha hutokana na kukosa chakula kizuri cha kutosha.<ref name=WHO2014/> Hii hutokana na [[bei]] ya juu ya chakula na [[umaskini]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=WHO2014/> Kukosa [[kunyonya]] [[matiti]] mapema kunaweza kuchangia, pia [[maradhi ya kuambukiza]] kama vile: [[homa ya matumbo]], [[nimonia]], [[malaria]] na [[ukambi]] ambao huongeza mahitaji ya lishe.<ref name=WHO2014/>

Ikiwa ukosefu wa lishe utatokea wakati wa [[ujauzito]] au kabla ya [[umri]] wa miaka miwili huenda ukasababisha matatizo ya kudumu katika [[ukuaji]] wa mwili au [[akili]].<ref name=FFL2010/> Ukosefu mkali wa lishe, unaojulikana kama [[kukosa chakula]], unaweza kuwa na [[dalili]] ambazo zinajumuisha: [[kimo]] cha chini; [[wembamba]]; viwango vya chini sana vya [[nguvu]]; na [[miguu]] na [[tumbo]] kuvimba.<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/> Watu hawa hugonjeka na kuwa [[hypothermia|baridi]] mara kwa mara.<!-- <ref name=Young2012/> --> Dalili za [[ukosefu wa lishe]] hutegemea lishe ambayo inakosekana.<ref name=Young2012/>

==Aina==
Kuna aina mbili kuu za ukosefu wa lishe: ukosefu wa lishe ya protini inayoleta nguvu na ukosefu wa lishe.<ref name=Jones2011/> Ukosefu wa protini inayoleta nguvu ni ya aina mbili: [[nyongea]] (ukosefu wa protini na kalori) na [[unyafuzi]] (ukosefu wa protini tu).<ref name=Young2012/> 

Ukosefu wa kawaida wa lishe ni pamoja na: [[ukosefu wa ayoni|madini]], [[ukosefu wa aidini|aidini]] na [[ukosefu wa vitamini A |vitamini A]].<ref name=Young2012/> Wakati wa [[ujauzito]], kwa sababu ya hitaji lililoongezeka, ukosefu huo hutokea sana.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> 

Katika baadhi ya [[nchi zinazoendelea]] lishe kupita [[kiasi]] kwa njia ya [[unene]] imeanza kutokea katika [[jamii]] sawa kama za walio na upungufu wa lishe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|accessdate=2015-10-24|archivedate=2021-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf}}</ref> 

Sababu nyingine za utapiamlo hujumuisha [[anorexia nervosa]] na [[bariatric surgery]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324}}</ref> 

Kwa [[wazee]] utapiamlo hutokea zaidi kwa sababu ya mambo ya kimwili, [[saikolojia|kisaikolojia]] na ya kijamii.<ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87}}</ref>

==Tiba==
[[Juhudi]] za kuboresha [[lishe]] ni kati ya njia nzuri zaidi za [[kusaidia kukua]].<ref name=UK2012/> Kunyonyesha kunaweza kupunguza viwango vya utapiamlo na [[Kifo|vifo]] katika [[watoto]],<ref name=FFL2010/> na juhudi za kukuza [[tabia]] hii hupunguza viwango vya utapiamlo.<ref name=Bh2013/> 

Katika watoto wadogo kuwapa chakula kwa kuongezea [[maziwa]] ya matiti kati ya miezi sita na miaka miwili huboresha matokeo.<ref name=Bh2013/> Kuna pia ushahidi mzuri unaounga mkono [[virutubishi]] vya lishe kadhaa wakati wa ujauzito na kati ya watoto wadogo katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name=Bh2013/> Njia zinazofaa ni kuwapa chakula watu wanachokihitaji sana, kuwasilisha chakula na kutoa [[pesa]] ili watu waweze kununua chakula katika [[soko|masoko]] yao.<ref name=UK2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> 

Kuwalisha watu [[Shule|shuleni]] tu hakutoshi.<ref name=UK2012/> Kudhibiti utapiamlo mkali mtu akiwa [[nyumba|nyumbani]] kwa kutumia vyakula vya matibabu ambavyo viko tayari kutumiwa]] inawezekana wakati mwingi.<ref name=Bh2013/> 

Kwa wale ambao wana utapiamlo mkali unosababishwa na matatizo mengine ya afya wanapendekezwa kupata [[matibabu]] [[hospitali|hospitalini]].<ref name=Bh2013/> Mara kwa mara hii uhusisha kudhibiti [[kiwango cha chini cha sukari kwenye damu]], [[halijoto ya mwili]], [[ukosefu wa maji]], na kupata lishe polepole.<ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=WHO2003>{{cite book|first1=World Health Organization. Authors: Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforinp0000unse|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}</ref>

[[Viuavijasumu]] vya mara kwa mara vinapendekezwa kwa sababu ya [[hatari]] ya juu ya maambukizo.<ref name=WHO2003/> 

Hatua za muda mrefu zinajumuisha: kuboresha [[kilimo]],<ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}</ref> kupunguza [[ufukara]], kuondoa [[uchafu]] katika [[mazingira]], na kuwawezesha [[wanawake]].<ref name=UK2012/>

==Uenezi==
Kulikuwa na watu [[milioni]] 925 waliokuwa na utapiamlo [[duniani]] katika mwaka wa [[2010]], ongezeko la milioni 80 tangu [[1990]].<ref name=FAO2010>{{cite web|title=Kiwango cha njaa duniani kinapungua, lakini malengo ya juu sana ya njaa kimataifa ni ngumu kuyafikia |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fao2008>{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=Makadirio ya FAO ya hivi karibuni yanaweka idadi ya watu wenye njaa [hawa, wenye utapiamlo] kuwa milioni 923 katika mwaka wa 2007, ongezeko la zaidi ya watu milioni 80 tangu kipindi cha 1990–92.}}</ref> 

Watu wengine [[bilioni]] moja wanakadiriwa kukosa vitamini na madini.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of  Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}</ref> 

Katika mwaka wa 2010 [[utapiamlo wa protini inayoleta nguvu]] ulikadiriwa kusababisha vifo 600,000, vilivyo chini kutoka vifo 883,000 katika mwaka wa 1990.<ref name=Loz2012/> 

Ukosefu mwingine wa lishe, ambao unaweza kujumuisha [[ukosefu wa aidini]] na [[anemia kutokana na ukosefu wa madini]], ulisababisha vifo vingine 84,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012  |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=}}</ref> 

Ukosefu wa lishe hadi mwaka wa 2010 ulikuwa sababu ya 1.4% ya miaka ya maisha iliyobadilika kwa sababu ya [[ulemavu]].<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Murray2012>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> 

Takriban [[theluthi]] moja ya vifo katika watoto huaminika kutokana na utapiamlo; hata hivyo, vifo havisemekani kutokana na hiyo.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> 

Katika mwaka wa 2010 ilikadiriwa kwamba ilichangia takriban vifo milioni 1.5 katika wanawake na watoto,<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012  |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=}}</ref> ijapokuwa baadhi ya [[kadirio|makadirio]] ya [[idadi]] hiyo huenda yanatakiwa kuwa zaidi ya milioni 3.<ref name="Bh2013"/> 

Watoto wengine milioni 165&nbsp; [[wana matatizo ya kukua]] kutokana na [[ugonjwa]] huu.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}</ref> 

Ukosefu wa lishe ni wa kawaida sana katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> Takwimu zaonyesha kwamba Afrika ni mojawapo ya bara ambazo watoto wachanga wako na shida ya kurefuka pamoja na kuwanda kupindukia kwa sababu ya utapiamlo. Kulingana na [https://www.globalnutritionreport.org/files/2017/11/Report_2017.pdf Global Nutrition report] {{Wayback|url=https://www.globalnutritionreport.org/files/2017/11/Report_2017.pdf |date=20180123204113 }}, bara la Afrika lakumbana na shida nyingi za lishe. Licha ya shida ya kutorefuka kupiganwa nayo, watoto millioni sitini wa bara hili hawakui vizuri. Lishe anayopata mtu hutegemea na umri wake kwa sababu watoto wachanga hawawezi kula chakula kinacholiwa na wazee. 

==Tanbihi==
<references />

==Viungo vya nje==
* https://www.globalnutritionreport.org/files/2017/11/Report_2017.pdf {{Wayback|url=https://www.globalnutritionreport.org/files/2017/11/Report_2017.pdf |date=20180123204113 }}
* https://qz.com/1121083/africas-malnutrition-problem-for-chi-is-the-only-continent-where-children-are-growing-both-stunted-and-fat/
{{mbegu-tiba}}

[[Jamii:Magonjwa]]
[[Jamii:Chakula]]