Uhamisho mkuu wa Ulaya
Uhamisho mkuu wa Ulaya ni kipindi cha historia ya bara hilo kuanzia mwaka 300 hivi hadi 600 hivi BK[1][2].
Katikati yake, Dola la Roma Magharibi lilikoma (476) na falme mbalimbali, hasa za Kijerumaniki, zilikuja kutawala maeneo yake[3], pengine hata kwa msaada wa Dola la Roma Mashariki lililoendelea hadi mwaka 1453.
Wakazi wa Dola la Roma lote walikuwa milioni 40 hivi, kati yao wahamiaji wengi[4] labda 750,000. Lakini hayo makundi ya watu 10,000 au 20,000 kila moja yalivamia dola hilo na kulisambaratisha [5].
Matokeo yake yalikuwa mengi, makubwa, na ya kudumu.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Halsall, Guy. Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- ↑ "The Migration period (fourth to eighth century)", p.5 Migration Art, A.D. 300-800, 1995, Metropolitan Museum of Art, ed. Katharine Reynolds Brown, ISBN 0870997505, 9780870997501
- ↑ "History of Europe - Barbarian Migrations, Invasions | Britannica". www.britannica.com (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2023-08-12.
- ↑ Giovanni Milani-Santarpia, "Immigration Roman Empire", MariaMilani.com
- ↑ Bury, J. B., The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians, Norton Library, 1967.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Barford, Paul M (2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3977-9.
- Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew, mhr. (2000). The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad (Role Migrant History Eurasian Step). Basingstoke: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-61839-2.
- Börm, Henning (2013), Westrom. Von Honorius bis Justinian, Kohlhammer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-17-023276-1
- Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-42888-0.
- Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81539-0.
- Dumville, David (1990). Histories and pseudo-histories of the insular Middle Ages. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum.
- Friedrich, Matthias and Harland, James M., eds. (2020): Interrogating the "Germanic": A Category and its Use in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-069976-0.
- Geary, Patrick (2003). Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton Paperbacks. ISBN 0-691-11481-1.
- Geary, Patrick (2006). "The crisis of European identity". Katika Thomas F.X. Noble (mhr.). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32742-3.
- Green, D. H. (1998). Language and history in the early Germanic world. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79423-7.
- Halsall, Guy (2006a). "The Barbarian invasions". Katika Paul Fouracre (mhr.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 1: c. 500 – c. 700. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36291-1.
- Halsall, Guy (2006b). "Movers and shakers: the barbarians and the fall of Rome". Katika Thomas F.X. Noble (mhr.). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32742-3.
- Halsall, Guy (2008). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43491-1.
- Heather, Peter J (1998). The Goths. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-20932-8.
- Heather, Peter (2006). "Foedera and foederati of the fourth century". Katika Thomas F.X. Noble (mhr.). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32742-3.
- Kleineberg, A.; Marx, Chr.; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D.: Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene". WBG 2010. ISBN 978-3-534-23757-9.
- Kulikowski, Michael (2007). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84633-2.
- Noble, Thomas F.X., mhr. (2006). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32742-3.
- Pohl, Walter (1998). "Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies". Katika Little, Lester K; Rosenwein, Barbara (whr.). Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 1-57718-008-9.
- Todd, Malcolm (1996-02-12). The Early Germans. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-19904-7.
- Wolfram, Herwig (2001). Die Goten. Von den Anfängen bis zur Mitte des sechsten Jahrhunderts. München: C. H. Beck.
- Wood, Ian (2006). "Defining the Franks: Frankish origins in early medieval historiography". Katika Thomas F.X. Noble (mhr.). From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms. New York and London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32742-3.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
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