Parasitamoli
Paracetamol (pia inajulikana kama acetaminophen) ni dawa inayotumika kutibu maumivu na homa.[1][2] Dawa hii kawaida hutumiwa kupunguza maumivu ya chini hadi ya wastani.[1] Ushahidi umechanganyika kuhusiana na matumizi yake ili kupunguza homa kwa watoto.[3][4] Mara nyingi huuzwa pamoja na dawa zingine, kama vile dawa nyingi za baridi.[1] Paracetamol pia hutumiwa kwa maumivu makali, kama vile maumivu ya saratani na maumivu baada ya upasuaji, pamoja na dawa za maumivu ya afyuni.[5] Kwa kawaida, dawa hii hutumiwa ima kwa mdomo au kwa njia ya haja kubwa, lakini pia inapatikana kwa kudungwa sindano kwenye mshipa.[1][6] Madhara yake hudumu kati ya saa mbili hadi nne.[6]
Paracetamol kwa ujumla ni salama katika kipimo kilichopendekezwa.[7] Kiwango cha juu cha kila siku kilichopendekezwa kwa mtu mzima ni gramu tatu hadi nne.[8][9] Viwango vya juu vinaweza kusababisha sumu, pamoja na kushindwa kwa ini.[1] Upele mkubwa wa ngozi unaweza kutokea mara chache.[1] Inaonekana kuwa salama wakati wa ujauzito na wakati wa kunyonyesha.[1] Kwa wale walio na ugonjwa wa ini, bado inaweza kutumika, lakini kwa kipimo cha chini.[10] Imeainishwa kama dawa ya kutuliza maumivu.[6] Haina shughuli kubwa ya kupambana na mwasho.[11] Jinsi inavyofanya kazi sio wazi kabisa.[11]
Paracetamol ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1877.[12] Ni dawa inayotumika sana kwa maumivu na homa nchini Marekani na Ulaya.[13] Iko kwenye Orodha ya Dawa Muhimu ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni. [14] Paracetamol inapatikana kama dawa ya kawaida, na majina ya chapa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tylenol na Panadol miongoni mwa mengine. [15] Bei yake ya jumla katika nchi zinazoendelea ni chini ya US$0.01 kwa kila dozi.[16] Nchini Marekani, inagharimu takriban US$0.04 kwa kila dozi.[17] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, ilikuwa dawa ya 25 inayoagizwa zaidi nchini Marekani, ikiwa na maagizo zaidi ya milioni ishirini na nne.[18] [19]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Acetaminophen". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Juni 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Septemba 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Lee, WM (Desemba 2017). "Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?". Journal of Hepatology. 67 (6): 1324–1331. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005. PMC 5696016. PMID 28734939.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2002). "Paracetamol for treating fever in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. PMC 6532671. PMID 12076499.
- ↑ de Martino M, Chiarugi A (2015). "Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management". Pain and Therapy. 4 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z. PMC 4676765. PMID 26518691.
- ↑ Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2008). "6.1 and 7.1.1" (PDF). Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). ISBN 9781905813384. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 20 Desemba 2010.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hochhauser, Daniel (2014). Cancer and its Management. John Wiley & Sons. uk. 119. ISBN 9781118468715. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Russell FM, Shann F, Curtis N, Mulholland K (2003). "Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 81 (5): 367–72. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2572451. PMID 12856055.
- ↑ "Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever". National Health Service. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Agosti 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "What are the recommended maximum daily dosages of acetaminophen in adults and children?". Medscape. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Desemba 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Desemba 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Lewis JH, Stine JG (Juni 2013). "Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 37 (12): 1132–56. doi:10.1111/apt.12324. PMID 23638982.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 11.0 11.1 McKay, Gerard A.; Walters, Matthew R. (2013). "Non-Opioid Analgesics". Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (tol. la 9th). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9781118344897. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Agosti 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Mangus, Brent C.; Miller, Michael G. (2005). Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis. uk. 39. ISBN 9780803620278. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Agosti 2020.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Aghababian, Richard V. (22 Oktoba 2010). Essentials of emergency medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. uk. 814. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Agosti 2016.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (tol. la 27th). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. uk. 12. ISBN 9781449665869. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Paracetamol". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Januari 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Januari 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 16 Februari 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Februari 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Februari 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Februari 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Aprili 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Aprili 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)