Kipimo cha Beaufort
Mandhari
Kipimo cha Beaufort (ing. Beaufort scale) ni mfumo wa kupima kasi ya upepo. Msingi wake si kipimo kamili cha mwendo wa upepo bali kutazama matokeo ya upepo katika mazingira. Mfumo huu hutumiwa zaidi duniani ulianzshwa mnamo 1805 na MWingereza Francis Beaufort.
Kuna ngazi 12 halafu ngazi ya "sifuri" kama hakuna upepo kabisa.
Ngazi za Beaufort
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Namba ya Beaufort | Kasi ya upepo | Maelezo | Kimo cha mawimbi baharini | Dalili kwenye uso wa maji | Dalili kwenye nchi kavu | Picha | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
km/h | mph | kts | m/s | m | ft | |||||
0 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <0.3 | Kimya | 0 | 0 | tambarare. | Kimya. Moshi hupanda bila kunyoka. | |
1 | 1-5 | 1-3 | 1-2 | 0.3-1.5 | Mwendo kidogo sana | 0.1 | 0.33 | Alama za mawimbi madogo | Moshi inanyoka kidogo upande | |
2 | 6-11 | 3-7 | 3-6 | 1.5-3.3 | Upepezi mwepesi | 0.2 | 0.66 | Mawimbi madogo, vichwa kama kioo. | Upepo husikika kwenye ngozi, majani yanatoa sauti | |
3 | 12-19 | 8-12 | 7-10 | 3.3-5.5 | Upepezi | 0.6 | 2 | Mawimbi, vichwa vinaanza kuwa vyeupe. | Majani na matawi madogo yanaonyesha mwendo mfululizo | |
4 | 20-28 | 13-17 | 11-15 | 5.5-8.0 | Upepezi kiasi | 1 | 3.3 | Mawimbi madogo | Vumbi na na vipande vya karatasi vinasukumwa | |
5 | 29-38 | 18-24 | 16-20 | 8.0-10.8 | Upepo mwepesi | 2 | 6.6 | Mawimbi marefu kiasi (zaidi ya mita 1); pofu inaanza kuoekana juu ya mawimbi | Matawi ya wastani huonyesha mwendo. Miti midogo huanza kuyugayuga. | |
6 | 39-49 | 25-30 | 21-26 | 10.8-13.9 | Upepo | 3 | 9.9 | Mawimbi makubwa, vichwa vyeupe na pofu kila mahali | Matawi makubwa huonyesha mwendo. Mliohusikika kutoka nyaya za simu au umeme. Matumizi ya mwamvuli vigumu. | |
7 | 50-61 | 31-38 | 27-33 | 13.9-17.2 | Upepo mkali | 4 | 13.1 | Mawimbi yanauja juu, pofu inaanza kulea | Shina za miti huonyesha mwendo. Kutembea dhidi ya upepo kunahitaji nguvu. | |
8 | 62-74 | 39-46 | 34-40 | 17.2-20.7 | Dhoruba mwepesi | 5.5 | 18 | Mawimbi marefu zaidi, huonyesha machafuko, povu nyingi | matawi madogo yanavunjika. Ugumu wa kuendesha magari. | |
9 | 75-88 | 47-54 | 41-47 | 20.7-24.5 | Dhoruba | 7 | 23 | Mawimbi marefu, kimo 6-7 m, povu nyingi sana. Vichwa vya mawimbi huvunjika | Matawi ya miti inavunjika, miti midogo inaanza kuanguka. | |
10 | 89-102 | 55-63 | 48-55 | 24.5-28.4 | Dhoruba kamili | 9 | 29.5 | Mawimbi marefu sana, bahari yote huonekana nyeupe. Kuona ni vigumu kutokana pofu nyingi hewani | Miti inavunjika, mabati yasiyofungwa vema yanapulizwa mbali, vipande vya lami visivyo imara vinasukumwa. | |
11 | 103-117 | 64-72 | 56-63 | 28.4-32.6 | Dhoruba kali | 11.5 | 37.7 | Mawimbi marefu mno, haiwezekani kuona mbali | Uharibifu mwingi wa mimea. Paa za nyumba zinarushwa, vipande vikubwa vya lami iliyokatika pia | |
12 | ≥118 | ≥73 | ≥64 | ≥32.6 | Tufani | ≥14 | ≥46 | Mawimbi vya kijitu | Uharibifu wa mimea unazidi; madirisha huvunjika, majengo mepesi yanaharibika, magari yanaweza kusukumwa, hatari kutokana na takataka inayorushwa. |
Picha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]-
1 Beaufort -
2 Beaufort -
3 Beaufort -
4 Beaufort -
5 Beaufort -
6 Beaufort -
7 Beaufort -
8 Beaufort -
9 Beaufort -
10 Beaufort -
11 Beaufort -
12 Beaufort
Other websites
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- UK Meteorological Office: The Beaufort Scale Ilihifadhiwa 9 Aprili 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Investigating Clouds Ilihifadhiwa 19 Oktoba 2006 kwenye Wayback Machine., a lesson plan from the National Science Digital Library that uses the Beaufort Scale.
- Radio interview with Scott Huler.
- OceanWeather.com gives current graphics for wind, waves and temperature
- Open Source Textbook at Oceanworld.tamu.edu Ilihifadhiwa 6 Machi 2016 kwenye Wayback Machine. cites the original definition formula in chapter 4 Ilihifadhiwa 3 Agosti 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Howtoon Poster Ilihifadhiwa 6 Desemba 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine. showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.